Starmer commits to boost defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 on eve of US trip
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Starmer commits to boost defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 on eve of US trip

Firstpost  

Prime Minister Keir Starmer said on Tuesday he would increase annual defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 and target a 3% level last seen just after the Cold War, a signal to US President Donald Trump that Britain can boost Europe’s security Prime Minister Keir Starmer said on Tuesday he would increase annual defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 and target a 3% level last seen just after the Cold War, a signal to US President Donald Trump that Britain can boost Europe’s security. With public spending already stretched in Britain, Starmer said the increase from its current 2.3% would be fully paid for by a 40% cut to international aid, an announcement he said he was not happy to make but one which was necessary to offer Ukraine and Europe support in a “new era”. “Starting today, I can announce this government will begin the biggest sustained increase in defence spending since the end of the Cold War,” Starmer said, adding that combined with spending on intelligence services it would reach 2.6% from 2027. The increase would see Britain spending 13.4 billion pounds a year more on defence in 2027 than it does now, Starmer said, a figure which includes expected growth in GDP over the period.

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History of this topic

Germany’s Merz wins vote to massively expand borrowing and super-charge military spending
3 days, 23 hours ago

Germany’s Merz wins vote to massively expand borrowing and super-charge military spending

CNN  

Berlin CNN — The German chancellor-in-waiting, Friedrich Merz, has won a vote in parliament to allow a huge increase in state borrowing that is set to super-charge the country’s military spending. After a week of wrangling with the Greens, who held out for some concessions from Merz on how the money would be spent, the vote in the recalled parliament …

German parties agree deal to loosen debt limit, expand defense spending as Europe called to do more
1 week ago

German parties agree deal to loosen debt limit, expand defense spending as Europe called to do more

Associated Press  

BERLIN — German lawmakers reached an agreement on Friday to exempt some defense spending from the nation’s tight rules on running up debt as European leaders are scrambling to shore up the continent’s defenses themselves in the face of a Trump administration that is threatening to back out. The group seeks to loosen Germany’s so-called “debt brake” — which allows …

Germany's Merz bets on spending boost to revive ailing economy
1 week, 2 days ago

Germany's Merz bets on spending boost to revive ailing economy

Hindustan Times  

Germany's likely next government under conservative leader Friedrich Merz has said it plans a shot in the arm for the flagging economy with a huge programme of investment in defence and infrastructure. Germany's Merz bets on spending boost to revive ailing economy But economists warn that Europe's largest economy will also need structural reforms for a sustainable recovery after two …

EU leaders back new plan to increase defence expenditure amid change in US foreign policy
2 weeks ago

EU leaders back new plan to increase defence expenditure amid change in US foreign policy

Firstpost  

European Union leaders agreed on a new defence plan for Europe. EU leaders back new plan to increase defence expenditure amid change in US foreign policy. File Image/Reuters European Union leaders at an emergency summit in Brussels on Thursday agreed on a new defence plan for Europe. Under the new plan, the leaders sought to allocate billions of euros for …

Chancellor-elect Merz’s public spending deal sees German borrowing costs soar highest since 1997
2 weeks, 1 day ago

Chancellor-elect Merz’s public spending deal sees German borrowing costs soar highest since 1997

Firstpost  

The surge followed an agreement led by Chancellor-in-waiting Friedrich Merz that would largely exempt defence spending from Germany’s strict debt limits and create a €500 billion special fund for infrastructure over the next decade Social Democratic Party Chancellor Olaf Scholz and his conservative rival of the Christian Democratic Union Friedrich Merz are pictured in a studio of the ARD and …

Germany, once a beacon of frugality, jolts Europe with planned spending splurge
2 weeks, 1 day ago

Germany, once a beacon of frugality, jolts Europe with planned spending splurge

Live Mint  

Few changes prompted by President Trump’s second term could be as consequential for Europe as Germany shedding fiscal prudence to turbocharge its military and retool its economy. From now on, Germany’s famously strict fiscal rules, Merz said, would no longer apply to military spending, paving the way for a rapid acceleration in the country’s rearmament. If approved, the fiscal U-turn …

Maybe government spending isn’t so bad after all: McGeever
Trending News
2 weeks, 2 days ago

Maybe government spending isn’t so bad after all: McGeever

Live Mint  

By Jamie McGeever ORLANDO, Florida, March 5 - It has been an extraordinary 24 hours for government spending. Defense and infrastructure outlays could amount to roughly 1 trillion euros, or 20% of GDP, and Berlin is also set to relax its 'debt brake' fiscal rule that has long hampered government expenditure. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent insists that the seemingly robust …

French fiscal woes crimp Macron’s defence spending plans
2 weeks, 2 days ago

French fiscal woes crimp Macron’s defence spending plans

Live Mint  

By Leigh Thomas PARIS - President Emmanuel Macron wants to build up French defence spending as Washington threatens to pull its European security guarantee, but funding those plans as his government struggles to tame an unruly deficit won't be easy. "France is heading towards difficult budgetary trade-offs to reconcile the government's commitment to lower budget deficits while increasing defence spending," …

Tanks not cars: how a pivot to defence could help Germany's economy
2 weeks, 2 days ago

Tanks not cars: how a pivot to defence could help Germany's economy

The Hindu  

German defence companies seeking more capacity as Europe prepares to raise military spending are eyeing the ailing car industry, the first sign of a shift that could help revive the continent's biggest economy after two years of contraction. The Bruegel think-tank estimates Europe may need 300,000 additional troops and a short-term annual increase in defence spending of at least 250 …

EU weighs $841bn ‘rearm’ Europe plan to counter possible US disengagement
2 weeks, 3 days ago

EU weighs $841bn ‘rearm’ Europe plan to counter possible US disengagement

Al Jazeera  

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has proposed a five-part plan to mobilise some 800bn euros to beef up Europe’s defence and provide “immediate” military support to Ukraine after the United States suspended aid. “A new era is upon us,” the president said in a letter presenting the plan to 27 European Union leaders on Tuesday, two days before …

Markets eye new wave of joint European bonds in rush to boost defence
3 weeks, 1 day ago

Markets eye new wave of joint European bonds in rush to boost defence

The Hindu  

Big investors are sensing that a fresh joint European borrowing effort is becoming more likely as the region scrambles to ramp up defence spending. The modest reaction across bond markets, typically unnerved by higher spending, as defence talks gathered pace this month suggests investors view increased borrowing as manageable so far. Some analysts reckon even Germany, which will face a …

Cutting aid to spend more on defence: how do the numbers add up?
3 weeks, 2 days ago

Cutting aid to spend more on defence: how do the numbers add up?

The Independent  

At Prime Minister’s Questions, Keir Starmer repeated his claim that the increase in defence spending he announced on Tuesday will amount to £13.4bn a year. Second, Tuesday’s decision was expressed as a share of GDP, and even though the economy is not growing as fast as people would like, it is forecast to grow over three years, so by fixing …

Defence spending numbers defended by Starmer amid ‘silly games’ criticism
3 weeks, 2 days ago

Defence spending numbers defended by Starmer amid ‘silly games’ criticism

The Independent  

Get the free Morning Headlines email for news from our reporters across the world Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Conservative Party leader Kemi Badenoch pressed Sir Keir after the Institute for Fiscal Studies …

PMQs live: Starmer to be grilled over defence spending ahead of US visit for crunch Trump talks
Top News
3 weeks, 2 days ago

PMQs live: Starmer to be grilled over defence spending ahead of US visit for crunch Trump talks

The Independent  

✕ Close Starmer hikes defence spending to 2.5% ahead of crunch meeting with Trump Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read …

Watch live: Keir Starmer faces Kemi Badenoch at PMQs ahead of crunch US talks with Donald Trump
Trending News
3 weeks, 2 days ago

Watch live: Keir Starmer faces Kemi Badenoch at PMQs ahead of crunch US talks with Donald Trump

The Independent  

Get the free Morning Headlines email for news from our reporters across the world Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Watch live as Sir Keir Starmer faces Kemi Badenoch at …

Markets eye new wave of joint European bonds in rush to boost defence
3 weeks, 2 days ago

Markets eye new wave of joint European bonds in rush to boost defence

Live Mint  

* Bond markets calm in face of potential funding surge * Odds of joint borrowing seen higher than late last year * Growth impact of defence spending will be critical - Goldman By Yoruk Bahceli LONDON, Feb 26 - Big investors are sensing that a fresh joint European borrowing effort is becoming more likely as the region scrambles to ramp …

UK increases defence spending amid US pressure: Where do European nations stand?
3 weeks, 2 days ago

UK increases defence spending amid US pressure: Where do European nations stand?

Firstpost  

Facing pressure from US President Donald Trump, British Prime Minister Keir Starmer declared that the defence spending would be hiked to 2.5 per cent of the GDP by 2027, an increase of 0.2 per cent. British Prime Minister Keir Starmer said he would increase annual defence spending to 2.5 per cent of gross domestic product by 2027. Standing up in …

UK politics live: Reeves urges Europe to ‘step up’ defence spending as PM vows 2.5% commitment
3 weeks, 2 days ago

UK politics live: Reeves urges Europe to ‘step up’ defence spending as PM vows 2.5% commitment

The Independent  

Rachel Reeves has urged European countries to follow the UK’s lead and increase defence spending Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. …

Keir Starmer warns Britain is entering an 'era of hard power' over foreign aid - as he boosts defence spending to 2.5% on eve of US trip to see Donald Trump
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Keir Starmer warns Britain is entering an 'era of hard power' over foreign aid - as he boosts defence spending to 2.5% on eve of US trip to see Donald Trump

Daily Mail  

Keir Starmer tonight declared Britain is entering an 'era of hard power', as he slashed foreign aid to boost defence spending. Keir Starmer declared today that Britain is entering an 'era of hard power', as he slashed foreign aid to boost defence spending A malnourished child in Kenya. The PM warned Britain must prepare to move to a war footing, …

Starmer denies Trump is setting UK policy as defence spending is increased
Top News
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Starmer denies Trump is setting UK policy as defence spending is increased

The Independent  

Get the free Morning Headlines email for news from our reporters across the world Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Sir Keir Starmer has denied that Donald Trump is setting …

Watch live: Starmer defends cutting foreign aid budget to boost defence spending
Top News
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Watch live: Starmer defends cutting foreign aid budget to boost defence spending

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Watch live as Sir Keir Starmer holds a press conference on …

What is Keir Starmer’s plan to increase UK defence spending and is it affordable?
3 weeks, 3 days ago

What is Keir Starmer’s plan to increase UK defence spending and is it affordable?

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Sir Keir Starmer is travelling to Washington this week armed having …

U.K. to increase defence spending to 2.5% of GDP during 2027
3 weeks, 3 days ago

U.K. to increase defence spending to 2.5% of GDP during 2027

The Hindu  

The U.K. government will increase its defence spending to 2.5% of GDP during 2027 and maintain that level annually, up from the current level of 2.3%, U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer told the House of Commons on Tuesday. “I can announce that this government will begin the biggest sustained increase in defence spending since the end of the Cold War,” …

Starmer commits to raise UK defense spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027
Top News
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Starmer commits to raise UK defense spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027

Associated Press  

LONDON — Prime Minister Keir Starmer committed to raise U.K. defense spending to 2.5% of gross domestic product by 2027, saying Tuesday that Europe is in a new and insecure era. The U.K. spends 2.3% of gross domestic product on defense, and the government had previously set a 2.5% target, without setting a date. The announcement comes as European countries …

Keir Starmer vows to slash aid spending to pump 2.5% of GDP into defence by 2027 in dramatic statement to MPs ahead of 'mission impossible' trip to meet Trump in White House
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Keir Starmer vows to slash aid spending to pump 2.5% of GDP into defence by 2027 in dramatic statement to MPs ahead of 'mission impossible' trip to meet Trump in White House

Daily Mail  

Keir Starmer pledged to slash aid spending to boost defence today as he braces for a crucial trip to meet Donald Trump and try to repair Western ties. Keir Starmer is gathering his Cabinet as he braces for a crucial trip to meet Donald Trump and try to repair Western ties Mr Trump used an awkward meeting with Emmanuel Macron …

Starmer hikes defence spending to 2.5% ahead of crunch meeting with Trump
Top News
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Starmer hikes defence spending to 2.5% ahead of crunch meeting with Trump

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Keir Starmer has unveiled plans to hike defence spending to 2.5 …

Europe weighs options to boost defence spending
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Europe weighs options to boost defence spending

Live Mint  

Europe will likely have to spend hundreds of billions of euros to prepare to defend itself militarily without U.S. help, and will also have to find ways to do that without spooking bond investors. Burilkov and Wolff calculate that it would cost around 250 billion euros annually to raise European defense spending to 3.5% of gross domestic product from around …

UK announces increase in defense spending and cut in foreign aid ahead of PM Starmer’s meeting with Trump
3 weeks, 3 days ago

UK announces increase in defense spending and cut in foreign aid ahead of PM Starmer’s meeting with Trump

CNN  

London CNN — Britain will accelerate an increase to its defense spending, Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced Tuesday, on the eve of a crucial visit to meet US President Donald Trump in Washington. He called Britain’s relationship with America his country’s “most important bilateral alliance,” and said: “This week when I meet President Trump, I will be clear: I want …

UK to hike defence spending and cut aid budget, Starmer says
3 weeks, 3 days ago

UK to hike defence spending and cut aid budget, Starmer says

Al Jazeera  

British prime minister Keir Starmer’s announcement comes prior to his trip to the United States later this week. The United Kingdom will increase its annual defending spending to 2.5 percent of GDP by 2027, Prime Minister Keir Starmer has said, signalling the UK’s efforts to boost Europe’s security. On the eve of his departure to meet US President Donald Trump …

Boris Johnson urges Starmer to increase defence spending to 3%
3 weeks, 4 days ago

Boris Johnson urges Starmer to increase defence spending to 3%

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Former prime minister Boris Johnson has called on the government to …

What is Keir Starmer’s plan to boost UK defence spending and is it affordable?
3 weeks, 5 days ago

What is Keir Starmer’s plan to boost UK defence spending and is it affordable?

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. open image in gallery Keir Starmer is expected to outline plans to hike Britain’s defence …

Pressure grows for Starmer to boost defence spending ahead of Trump showdown
1 month ago

Pressure grows for Starmer to boost defence spending ahead of Trump showdown

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Sir Keir Starmer is under mounting pressure to boost defence spending …

How Europe has been preparing for WIII – and why Britain isn’t ready
1 month ago

How Europe has been preparing for WIII – and why Britain isn’t ready

The Independent  

More than 1,500km from London, frenetic activity is underway in the countryside of Poland, Finland, and the Baltic States: bulldozers and diggers are constructing field defences. Poland is spending at least €2.5bn on its border defence system, including building a sky shield system akin to Israel’s “Iron Dome” to protect its eastern border from a growing threat from Russia. While …

Denmark announces plans to bolster its defense spending and raise it above 3% of GDP
1 month ago

Denmark announces plans to bolster its defense spending and raise it above 3% of GDP

Associated Press  

COPENHAGEN, Denmark — The Danish government on Wednesday announced plans to bolster its military by setting up a 50 billion-kroner fund that it says will raise the country’s defense spending to more than 3% of gross domestic product this year and next. This sends a clear signal to all our allies that we understand the security challenges – and that …

Denmark announces plans to bolster its defense spending and raise it above 3% of GDP
1 month ago

Denmark announces plans to bolster its defense spending and raise it above 3% of GDP

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy The Danish government on Wednesday …

If Keir Starmer insists on more defence spending, will Labour declare war on itself?
1 month ago

If Keir Starmer insists on more defence spending, will Labour declare war on itself?

The Independent  

There is something odd about Keir Starmer’s grand declaration that “this is a once-in-a-generation moment for our national security”, when he refuses to set a date for increasing defence spending. As for “tax increases on people like you” to pay for higher defence spending, they are also supported by only 30 per cent. William Hague, the Tories’ former leader, offers …

Starmer proposes to deploy UK peacekeepers in Ukraine, MPs say show us the budget
1 month ago

Starmer proposes to deploy UK peacekeepers in Ukraine, MPs say show us the budget

Firstpost  

As British Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer has proposed to deploy troops to Ukraine, MPs have urged him to outline a plan to hike defence spending to 2.5% of the GDP After Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer said he is open to deploying British soldiers to Ukraine, MPs have urged him to outline plans to increase defence spending. Raise defence …

Can Britain afford to spend much more on defence?
1 month ago

Can Britain afford to spend much more on defence?

The Independent  

Keir Starmer has declared that Europe is “facing a once-in-a-generation moment for the collective security of our continent”. He has called on European nations to increase defence spending: “Non-US Nato nations have already increased defence spending by 20 per cent in the past year, but we must go further.” President Donald Trump, to the alarm of many, has suggested the …

Meeting Ukraine peacekeeping pledge may require tax rises or spending cuts, Starmer warned
1 month ago

Meeting Ukraine peacekeeping pledge may require tax rises or spending cuts, Starmer warned

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. But top military figures have told The Independent creating any peacekeeping force would require a …

UK Public Services Brace for Cuts of Up to 11% to Fund Defense
1 month ago

UK Public Services Brace for Cuts of Up to 11% to Fund Defense

Live Mint  

-- Some UK government departments are bracing for budget cuts of as much as 11% as Prime Minister Keir Starmer comes under mounting pressure to plow more money into defense. The Treasury has asked so-called unprotected public services outside of health, education and defense to model two scenarios ahead of a three-year spending review due in June, according to people …

UK's Starmer readies order to raise defence spending, Sunday Times reports
1 month ago

UK's Starmer readies order to raise defence spending, Sunday Times reports

Hindustan Times  

Feb 16 - British Prime Minister Keir Starmer is preparing to overrule his finance minister Rachel Reeves and order more defence spending, after the United States demanded that Europe pays more for its security, the Sunday Times reported. UK's Starmer readies order to raise defence spending, Sunday Times reports Citing sources, the newspaper said Starmer is due to fly to …

Labour’s defence budget ‘won’t touch the sides’, Starmer is warned
1 month, 1 week ago

Labour’s defence budget ‘won’t touch the sides’, Starmer is warned

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. But even if there is an urgent push to boost spending, there is said to …

From Poland’s ‘iron dome’ to boots on the ground: How Europe is preparing for the Third World War
1 month, 1 week ago

From Poland’s ‘iron dome’ to boots on the ground: How Europe is preparing for the Third World War

The Independent  

More than 1,500km from London, frenetic activity is underway in the countryside of Poland, Finland, and the Baltic States: bulldozers and diggers are constructing field defences. Poland is spending at least €2.5bn on its border defence system, including building a sky shield system akin to Israel’s “Iron Dome” to protect its eastern border from a growing threat from Russia. While …

Defence Secretary John Healey STILL won't say when UK's military spending will rise to 2.5% of GDP - despite Trump demanding 5% and planning to abandon European allies
1 month, 1 week ago

Defence Secretary John Healey STILL won't say when UK's military spending will rise to 2.5% of GDP - despite Trump demanding 5% and planning to abandon European allies

Daily Mail  

John Healey has repeatedly refused to say when the UK will increase its defence spending, despite Donald Trump's US planning to abandon its allies in Europe. The Defence Secretary was asked seven times if he would set out a timeline to Britain hitting a baseline of 2.5 per cent of GDP or more, but declined to do so, in an …

EU leaders to huddle on defence against Russia and handling Trump
1 month, 2 weeks ago

EU leaders to huddle on defence against Russia and handling Trump

Hindustan Times  

* EU leaders to huddle on defence against Russia and handling Trump NATO's Rutte and UK's Starmer to join Brussels talks * Focus on transatlantic ties, boosting European defences * Europe under pressure to rely less on US for protection * Leaders to talk capabilities, cooperation and funding By Andrew Gray BRUSSELS, - European Union leaders gather on Monday to …

Keir Starmer is privately urged to boost defence spending to more than 3% of GDP - outstripping his 2.5% target
1 month, 2 weeks ago

Keir Starmer is privately urged to boost defence spending to more than 3% of GDP - outstripping his 2.5% target

Daily Mail  

Sir Keir Starmer has been privately urged to boost defence spending to more than 3 per cent of GDP – far outstripping his 2.5 per cent target. It comes after senior government sources reportedly said 2.5 per cent may not be reached until 2030 to avoid significant public spending cuts – which would put Sir Keir on a collision course …

How much should Britain really be spending on defence?
1 month, 3 weeks ago

How much should Britain really be spending on defence?

The Independent  

Pressure, domestic and external, is growing on the government to increase defence spending markedly. Yesterday, the secretary general of Nato, Mark Rutte, called for member states to push their target beyond the 2 per cent of GDP set back in 2006, in the light of far greater international challenges. The most ministers will offer is that the “path” to the …

Europe Is Pouring Money Into Defense. Is It Enough?
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Europe Is Pouring Money Into Defense. Is It Enough?

New York Times  

Europe Is Pouring Money Into Defense. for European NATO members Denmark 1995 2022 Germany Finland France Portugal Lithuania Norway Spain Slovenia Belgium Netherlands Sweden Slovakia Italy Lithuania Czech Rep. Poland Estonia Greece Bulgaria Romania Latvia Hungary 40% of G.D.P. 50% 60% Denmark 1995 2022 Germany Finland France Portugal Lithuania Norway Spain Slovenia Belgium Netherlands Sweden Slovakia Italy Lithuania Czech Rep. …

From Poland’s ‘iron dome’ to boots on the ground: How Europe is preparing for the Third World War
2 months, 2 weeks ago

From Poland’s ‘iron dome’ to boots on the ground: How Europe is preparing for the Third World War

The Independent  

More than 1,500km from London, frenetic activity is underway in the countryside of Poland, Finland, and the Baltic States: bulldozers and diggers are constructing field defences. Poland is spending at least €2.5bn on its border defence system, including building a sky shield system akin to Israel’s “Iron Dome” to protect its eastern border from a growing threat from Russia. While …

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