China loans to Pak, Lanka and other nations worth $240bn in 2 decades: Report
1 year, 8 months ago

China loans to Pak, Lanka and other nations worth $240bn in 2 decades: Report

Hindustan Times  

China helped 22 developing countries which were at the risk of default over the past two decades, a report said. Beijing handout out $240 billion worth of bailout loans to nations which included Belt and Road Initiative countries such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Turkey that have received Chinese loans for infrastructure development, the study pointed out. "Beijing has targeted a limited set of potential recipients, as almost all Chinese rescue loans have gone to low- and middle-income BRI countries with significant debts outstanding to Chinese banks," it added. Warning that China's loan to countries are more opaque compared to other international lenders, the report said that the dole outs come at an average interest rate of five percent in contrast with a usual two percent rate on an IMF loan. More than 150 countries have signed up to the BRI which was unveiled by China's President Xi Jinping a decade ago through which Beijing said that iaims to deepen trade relations.

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History of this topic

To revive sluggish economy, China announces $1.4 tn bailout package for local govts
1 month, 2 weeks ago

To revive sluggish economy, China announces $1.4 tn bailout package for local govts

Firstpost  

As China appears set to miss the 5% annual growth target amid continuing economic woes, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has approved a $1.4 trillion package to refinance the unsustainable debt of local governments In the latest step to revive the sluggish economy, China on Friday announced a $1.4 trillion package. The bailout package, announced by Finance …

China economy: Beijing approves $1.4 trillion debt package in latest measure to boost flagging growth
1 month, 2 weeks ago

China economy: Beijing approves $1.4 trillion debt package in latest measure to boost flagging growth

CNN  

Editor’s Note: Sign up for CNN’s Meanwhile in China newsletter which explores what you need to know about the country’s rise and how it impacts the world. Hong Kong CNN — China has approved a 10 trillion yuan plan to bolster its ailing economy by allowing local governments to refinance their debt, unveiling additional stimulus measures to counter a potentially …

India’s foreign minister becomes the first such dignitary to visit Sri Lanka since the election
2 months, 2 weeks ago

India’s foreign minister becomes the first such dignitary to visit Sri Lanka since the election

Associated Press  

COLOMBO, Sri Lanka — India’s Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar met Sri Lanka’s newly elected President Anura Kumara Dissanayake Friday in the first such visit of a dignitary since a new government took office in the island nation last month, amid questions over how Dissanayake would balance between regional powers China and India. At the same time, China’s support to restructure …

Xi says wants to deepen BRI cooperation with Sri Lanka under new leader
3 months ago

Xi says wants to deepen BRI cooperation with Sri Lanka under new leader

The Hindu  

Chinese President Xi Jinping on Monday said he hoped to broaden cooperation with Sri Lanka under his Belt and Road infrastructure initiative as he congratulated the island nation's new leader Anura Kumara Dissanayake. "I attach great importance to the development of China-Sri Lanka relations and am willing to work with Mr. President to continue our traditional friendship enhance mutual political …

Pakistan Wants China to ‘Reprofile’ Debt to Help Support Reforms
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Pakistan Wants China to ‘Reprofile’ Debt to Help Support Reforms

Live Mint  

Pakistan has sought Chinese help to “reprofile” its debts with rollovers and maturity extensions to create more breathing room for economic reforms it’s seeking to enact under a new International Monetary Fund’s $7 billion loan program. Discussed with central bank officials during a recent visit to Beijing was a proposal to extend the maturity of debt for nine power plants …

Wake Up, Dhaka! China’s ‘Help’ Comes at a Steep Price
6 months, 3 weeks ago

Wake Up, Dhaka! China’s ‘Help’ Comes at a Steep Price

News 18  

China’s investment and lending in South Asian and African countries has dramatically increased following the “Going Global” strategy of 1999, reaching new heights with the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative launched in 2013. Chinese government’s interest in Bangladesh gained prominence around 2009 and intensified after Xi Jinping’s landmark visit to Dhaka in 2016—the year Bangladesh joined the BRI and cemented …

Debt owed by Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh to China rise to record levels: Data
7 months, 2 weeks ago

Debt owed by Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh to China rise to record levels: Data

The Hindu  

Debt owed by various countries, especially in South Asia and Africa, to China has multiplied in recent years. In comparison, the low-and-middle-income countries’ total debt owed to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, a global development cooperative owned by 189 nations, was just a little higher at $223 billion. As seen in Chart 1, Pakistan’s total external debt stocks …

China’s ties with Africa | Explained
10 months, 3 weeks ago

China’s ties with Africa | Explained

The Hindu  

The story so far: From January 13-18, the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi, visited four African countries, Egypt, Tunisia, Togo and the Ivory Coast. Earlier, their relationship focused on ideological support; it was only in 1999 that China encouraged its companies to invest in Africa as part of the “Go Out Policy.” In 2000, the FOCAC held its …

China agrees to consider restructuring repayment of loans, says Maldives President Muizzu
11 months, 1 week ago

China agrees to consider restructuring repayment of loans, says Maldives President Muizzu

Firstpost  

Maldives President Mohamed Muizzu said on Saturday that China, the largest external creditor to the country, has agreed to consider restructuring the repayment of loans taken by his country and the governments will initiate negotiations soon. Muizzu told the media in Male after his return from a five-day high-profile state visit to China that he has directly appealed to Chinese …

China turns the tables on Wall Street
1 year ago

China turns the tables on Wall Street

Live Mint  

China is upending how the international financial system handles debt crises in the developing world. China expects bondholders to take greater losses than official creditors and for multilateral banks to forgo some of what they were owed—a reversal of the Paris Club norm, people familiar with the matter said. “The onus was on the Paris Club members that had experience …

The $2 trillion interest bill that’s hitting governments
1 year, 1 month ago

The $2 trillion interest bill that’s hitting governments

Live Mint  

The world spent the past decade-plus taking advantage of rock-bottom interest rates to binge on debt. Governments are expected to spend a net $2 trillion paying interest on their debt this year as higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive, up more than 10% from 2022, according to an analysis of International Monetary Fund data by research consulting firm Teal …

Money Morass: Desperate China to refocus on stressed BRI borrowers, hanging projects
1 year, 1 month ago

Money Morass: Desperate China to refocus on stressed BRI borrowers, hanging projects

Firstpost  

China has pumped billions of dollars in grants and loans into developing countries over the last ten years. Called “One Belt, One Road” in Chinese, the Belt and Road Initiative started as a program for Chinese companies to build transportation, energy and other infrastructure overseas funded by Chinese development bank loans. China has granted about $1 trillion in loans to …

Vantage | How developing countries came to owe a trillion dollars to China
1 year, 1 month ago

Vantage | How developing countries came to owe a trillion dollars to China

Firstpost  

China’s role as the world’s biggest debt collector is a matter of concern, not just for the nations burdened by its loans but also for China itself In recent years, China has emerged as a significant player in the global financial landscape, particularly in the developing world. Economists estimate that Chinese government loans to low-income countries typically have a 2 …

China’s declining aid to Pacific islands increasingly goes to allies, think tank reports
1 year, 1 month ago

China’s declining aid to Pacific islands increasingly goes to allies, think tank reports

Associated Press  

CANBERRA, Australia — China’s declining aid to the South Pacific is increasingly targeted toward its political allies in the region as appetite there for Chinese credit declines and competition grows with the U.S. for influence, an independent Australian think tank reported Tuesday. Focus on the strategic competition in the South Pacific has heightened since China struck a security pact with …

Don’t rule out a financial crisis in China
1 year, 2 months ago

Don’t rule out a financial crisis in China

Live Mint  

The world’s second largest economy has a deflating property bubble, local governments struggling to pay their debts and a banking system heavily exposed to both. The problem isn’t with the central government but local governments that borrowed heavily via off balance-sheet financing vehicles to fund urban development projects. Logan Wright, director of China research at Rhodium Group, a research firm, …

'BRI Loans Neither Windfall Nor Alms-Giving': Chinese President Xi Amid Criticism Of Its Flagship Project
1 year, 2 months ago

'BRI Loans Neither Windfall Nor Alms-Giving': Chinese President Xi Amid Criticism Of Its Flagship Project

ABP News  

New Delhi: Amid criticism that China's mega projects turned out to be debt traps for smaller nations, President Xi Jinping on Tuesday saluted the countries that signed up for its flagship project Belt and Road Initiative. Addressing his welcome banquet for guests attending the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, he said that the loans provided by Beijing …

China Reboots Its Belt and Road Initiative
1 year, 2 months ago

China Reboots Its Belt and Road Initiative

Live Mint  

A decade after its launch, China is trying to revive its sprawling infrastructure program by making it a lot less risky. Between 2013 and 2022, $960 billion of construction and investment deals had been reached between China and BRI participants, according to one estimate by China’s Fudan University. A document published this month by the State Council, China’s cabinet, talked …

Beijing has invested $25.4B in Pakistan over the last decade, Chinese vice premier says
1 year, 4 months ago

Beijing has invested $25.4B in Pakistan over the last decade, Chinese vice premier says

Associated Press  

ISLAMABAD — China has invested $25.4 billion in Pakistan over the past decade for projects ranging from roads to power plants, China’s vice premier said Monday, as the two countries celebrated the 10th anniversary of the so-called Belt and Road Initiative. In his televised remarks, Chinese Vice Premier He Lefing said Pakistan’s southwestern town of Gwadar was once just a …

Beijing has invested $25.4B in Pakistan over the last decade, Chinese vice premier says
1 year, 4 months ago

Beijing has invested $25.4B in Pakistan over the last decade, Chinese vice premier says

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Please try again later {{ …

Pakistan’s finance minister says China rolls over $2.4 billion loan for Islamabad for 2 years
1 year, 4 months ago

Pakistan’s finance minister says China rolls over $2.4 billion loan for Islamabad for 2 years

Associated Press  

ISLAMABAD — Pakistan’s finance minister on Thursday said China has rolled over a $2.4 billion loan for the cash-strapped Islamic nation for two years, a move aimed at helping the country overcome one of its worst economic crises. The latest extension in loan maturities by Beijing was a boost to Pakistan’s fragile foreign exchange reserves, which are still only enough …

China agrees to reschedule $2 billion debt of Pakistan
1 year, 5 months ago

China agrees to reschedule $2 billion debt of Pakistan

The Hindu  

China has agreed to reschedule more than $2 billion debt of Pakistan for a period of two years, providing a major relief to the cash-starved country, which is in the process of rebuilding foreign exchange reserves through fresh loans. The $6.5 billion is a publicly guaranteed debt, and more than $2 billion repayments were maturing in two years that China …

Pakistan receives $1 billion from China
1 year, 6 months ago

Pakistan receives $1 billion from China

The Hindu  

Cash-strapped Pakistan has received $1 billion from its close ally China to support its critically low foreign reserves amidst the uncertainty to revive a stalled International Monetary Fund loan. Earlier, Finance Minister Ishaq Dar said Pakistan had paid back $1 billion to China last Monday against a due amount of $1.3 billion and it was hoped that the amount would …

Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif says China will save the country from bankruptcy
1 year, 6 months ago

Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif says China will save the country from bankruptcy

Op India  

On Friday, May 26, Shehbaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister, stated that an agreement with the International Monetary Fund has not been reached, but that China’s backing will be critical in keeping the country from default. PM Sharif stated in his address to industrialists and businesses in Karachi that Pakistan has ‘successfully fulfilled all of the rigorous conditions imposed by the …

China is pushing poor nations like Pakistan into its debt trap, one at a time
1 year, 7 months ago

China is pushing poor nations like Pakistan into its debt trap, one at a time

Op India  

The People’s Republic of China has been pushing poor countries to the brink of economic ruin through its well-thought-out ‘debt trap’ and its unforgiving nature when it comes to the recovery of loans. An AP analysis found that countries heavily indebted to China are draining foreign currency reserves used to pay interest on loans, leaving some with just months before …

China's hidden debt pushes world's poorest countries to brink of collapse
1 year, 7 months ago

China's hidden debt pushes world's poorest countries to brink of collapse

Firstpost  

A dozen poor nations are facing economic instability and possibly collapse as a result of hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign loans, most of which are from China, the world’s largest and most unforgiving government lender. Countries in the AP’s research received up to 50 per cent of their foreign loans from China, and most spent more than a …

China’s loans pushing world’s poorest countries to brink of collapse
1 year, 7 months ago

China’s loans pushing world’s poorest countries to brink of collapse

Associated Press  

A dozen poor countries are facing economic instability and even collapse under the weight of hundreds of billions of dollars in foreign loans, much of them from the world’s biggest and most unforgiving government lender, China. Countries in AP’s analysis had as much as 50% of their foreign loans from China and most were devoting more than a third of …

China's 'mysterious' debt rules pushing world's poorest countries including Pakistan to brink of collapse
1 year, 7 months ago

China's 'mysterious' debt rules pushing world's poorest countries including Pakistan to brink of collapse

India TV News  

Chinese debt trap: Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Kenya, Zambia and a dozen poor countries are facing economic instability and even collapse as they had once taken loans from China. Pakistan is on the verge of becoming Sri Lanka Countries in AP’s analysis had as much as 50% of their foreign loans from China and most were devoting more than a third …

BRI and hegemony with Chinese characteristics
1 year, 8 months ago

BRI and hegemony with Chinese characteristics

Hindustan Times  

Conceptualisations of countries’ power in the post-Cold War period underwent a drastic change as economics increased eminence and military might no longer remained the prominent criterion of power. A grand strategic and economic vision, the BRI hoped to connect markets across the world to China through infrastructure and investments, which would yield not just investment return benefits for China, but …

China left out of Sri Lanka debt talks amid angst over delays
1 year, 8 months ago

China left out of Sri Lanka debt talks amid angst over delays

Live Mint  

Sri Lanka and major creditors are set to formally launch talks to restructure the nation’s debt without China — its biggest bilateral lender — a signal of growing frustration with Beijing’s approach to debt woes in the developing world. Hanging over those wider talks have been concerns about China’s role in negotiations involving countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia, which …

China denies ’debt trap diplomacy’ amid $59.87 loan to African nations
1 year, 8 months ago

China denies ’debt trap diplomacy’ amid $59.87 loan to African nations

Live Mint  

Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin clarified that China is not responsible for African countries' "debt trap," but rather a supportive partner in helping them and other developing nations break free from the "poverty trap," as reported by CCTV. As per the report, Wenbin stressed that those accusations have no factual basis and, "China attaches great importance to Africa's debt …

World Bank president David Malpass raises concerns over China's loans to developing nations
1 year, 8 months ago

World Bank president David Malpass raises concerns over China's loans to developing nations

Op India  

In a recent development, the President of the World Bank, David Malpass, has expressed concerns over China’s loans to developing countries and the possibility of a “Chinese debt trap” that Beijing is notorious for in asserting its dominance over countries seeking funds to shore up their respective economies. This phenomenon refers to China’s practice of offering large loans to developing …

US aims to counter China’s influence in global institutions, Yellen says
1 year, 8 months ago

US aims to counter China’s influence in global institutions, Yellen says

Live Mint  

The United States is working hard to counter China's influence in international institutions and in lending to developing countries, US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said on Wednesday. "I am very very concerned about some of the activities that China engages in globally, engaging in countries in ways that leave them trapped in debt and don't promote economic development," she said …

Nepal’s economic ties with China raise concerns about ‘debt trap diplomacy’
1 year, 8 months ago

Nepal’s economic ties with China raise concerns about ‘debt trap diplomacy’

Live Mint  

China's ambition to establish its dominance in the South Asian region has been a long-standing strategy. As per a report by the Nepalese daily Pardafas, China, which is rooted in the "Middle Kingdom" complex, is using tactics to achieve its objectives by trapping Nepal in a debt cycle. The recently inaugurated Pokhara International Airport was funded by a loan of …

Sri Lanka: China agrees to restructure loans, says President Ranil Wickremesinghe
1 year, 9 months ago

Sri Lanka: China agrees to restructure loans, says President Ranil Wickremesinghe

Firstpost  

Sri Lanka defaulted on its $46-billion foreign debt last April during its economic crisis, which caused months of food and fuel shortages around the South Asian nation Colombo, Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka’s president said Tuesday that China had agreed to restructure its loans to the bankrupt island nation, clearing the final obstacle to an International Monetary Fund bailout. China’s state-owned …

With China’s funding, is Pakistan headed for Sri Lanka-like financial crisis?
1 year, 9 months ago

With China’s funding, is Pakistan headed for Sri Lanka-like financial crisis?

Live Mint  

Pakistan has receive a $700 million loan from China Development Bank, which will boost Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves by 20%. Additionally, China charges higher interest rates than other lenders, which adds to Pakistan's debt servicing costs. In the fiscal year 2021-2022, Pakistan paid around $150 million in interest to China for using a $4.5 billion Chinese trade finance facility. Will …

Explained: How Pakistan is following Sri Lanka's footsteps in China's debt trap
1 year, 10 months ago

Explained: How Pakistan is following Sri Lanka's footsteps in China's debt trap

Firstpost  

China, which is Pakistan’s single-largest creditor — owning 30 per cent of its total external debt — is set to grant a $700 million loan through its China Development Bank. The loan, which Beijing will grant through its China Development Bank is set to boost Pakistan’s forex reserves by 20 per cent. Let’s take a closer look at how this …

China approves $700 million loan to Pakistan: Finance Minister Ishaq Dar
1 year, 10 months ago

China approves $700 million loan to Pakistan: Finance Minister Ishaq Dar

The Hindu  

Pakistan's all-weather ally China has approved a loan of $700 million to the cash-strapped country, Finance Minister Ishaq Dar announced on Wednesday. The announcement by Dar on the loan by the Board of China Development Bank came a day after Pakistan’s National Assembly unanimously passed a money bill aimed at raising tax revenues to fulfil the demands set by the …

Pakistan: China approves USD 700 million loan to cash-strapped country
1 year, 10 months ago

Pakistan: China approves USD 700 million loan to cash-strapped country

India TV News  

Pakistan: The all-weather ally of China has approved a major loan of a whopping price to the cash-strapped country 'Pakistan'. The Finance Minister of Pakistan, Ishaq Dar on Wednesday announced that China has approved a loan of USD 700 million. The money bill was passed aiming to fulfill the demands set by the International Monetary Fund for seeking a USD …

Will Pakistan's economic crisis affect Beijing-Islamabad relationship? China's quandary grows
1 year, 10 months ago

Will Pakistan's economic crisis affect Beijing-Islamabad relationship? China's quandary grows

India TV News  

Pakistan's economic crisis: China which holds Islamabad’s largest debt on Monday said it backed measures taken by its "all-weather friend" Pakistan to tide over the disastrous situation and hoped it will, in the end, pull through. Pakistan at the verge of default Pakistan’s current account deficit shrank 90.2 per cent to USD 0.24 billion in January from USD 2.47 billion …

China in Quandary as Pakistan Faces Debt Default After Steep Fall in Forex Reserves
1 year, 10 months ago

China in Quandary as Pakistan Faces Debt Default After Steep Fall in Forex Reserves

News 18  

Watching warily Pakistan plunging into the worst economic crisis with prospects of defaulting on foreign loans, China which holds Islamabad’s largest debt on Monday said it backed measures taken by its “all-weather friend” to tide over the disastrous situation and hoped it will, in the end, pull through. Pakistan’s current account deficit shrank 90.2 per cent to USD 0.24 billion …

China confirms offer to Sri Lanka of debt moratorium
1 year, 10 months ago

China confirms offer to Sri Lanka of debt moratorium

Associated Press  

BEIJING — China’s government on Friday confirmed it is offering Sri Lanka a two-year moratorium on loan repayments as the Indian Ocean island nation struggles to restructure $51 billion in foreign debt that pushed it into a financial crisis. China lent to Sri Lanka as part of Beijing’s multibillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative to increase trade by building ports and …

India to ‘encourage greater investments’ in crisis-hit Sri Lanka
1 year, 11 months ago

India to ‘encourage greater investments’ in crisis-hit Sri Lanka

Al Jazeera  

Sri Lanka’s worst-ever economic crisis is seeing a shortage of foreign currency, runaway inflation and a steep recession. “India will encourage greater investments in the Sri Lankan economy, especially in core areas like energy, tourism and infrastructure,” India’s Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar told reporters in Colombo on Friday. “We count on the government of Sri Lanka to provide a more …

China will continue to fund Pakistan
2 years, 1 month ago

China will continue to fund Pakistan

Live Mint  

Chinese President Xi Jinping has said that his country will continue to support Pakistan in stabilising its financial situation. The comment comes after Shehbaz Sharif, the prime minister of Pakistan, travelled to Beijing to meet with Chinese officials to discuss the $65 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor project. An aide travelling with the prime minister told Reuters that during his …

Pak, Lanka, Bangladesh, Laos & More: China's 'Debt-Trap' Pushing Vulnerable Nations to Financial Crisis?
2 years, 4 months ago

Pak, Lanka, Bangladesh, Laos & More: China's 'Debt-Trap' Pushing Vulnerable Nations to Financial Crisis?

News 18  

After Pakistan and Sri Lanka falling under severe debts of Chinese loans, Bangladesh has now sounded an alert, warning developing countries to think twice over taking more loans through China’s Belt and Road Initiative as global inflation and slowing growth add to the strains on indebted and vulnerable emerging markets. While experts have been warning for many years the low- …

China can't be absolved of Sri Lanka's collapse
2 years, 5 months ago

China can't be absolved of Sri Lanka's collapse

Live Mint  

The thoroughly grim assessment of Sri Lanka’s economy by its central bank governor over the weekend was overshadowed by the drama around its former president Gotabaya Rajapaksa fleeing last week and the election on Wednesday of Ranil Wickremesinghe as his successor. While Indian credit helped Sri Lanka import fuel as the crisis worsened, Weerasinghe in his 16 July interview said …

Chinese, U.S. envoys meet in Colombo; pledge support to help Sri Lanka mitigate economic crisis
2 years, 6 months ago

Chinese, U.S. envoys meet in Colombo; pledge support to help Sri Lanka mitigate economic crisis

The Hindu  

In a significant development, the Chinese Ambassador to Sri Lanka Qi Zhenhong met his U.S. counterpart Julie Chung in Colombo on June 13 and held discussions on “broad topics of mutual interest” and pledged support in helping the island nation mitigate its crippling economic crisis. China and the United States could work together to help Sri Lanka overcome current difficulties,” …

Willing to work with India to help Sri Lanka, says China
2 years, 6 months ago

Willing to work with India to help Sri Lanka, says China

The Hindu  

“Recognising” the Indian government’s “great efforts” in supporting Sri Lanka, China on Wednesday expressed willingness to work with India and the international community to help Sri Lanka tide over its crushing economic crisis. In a media briefing held in Beijing, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian outlined the Chinese government’s recent humanitarian assistance totalling 500 million RMB to Sri Lanka. …

China commends India's aid to crisis-hit Sri Lanka, says South Asia remains its priority
2 years, 6 months ago

China commends India's aid to crisis-hit Sri Lanka, says South Asia remains its priority

India Today  

In a rare gesture, China on Wednesday commended India's efforts to assist Sri Lanka to deal with its worst financial crisis but refuted the island nation's President Gotabaya Rajapaksa's remarks that Beijing has shifted its strategic focus from South Asia, including Pakistan, to South East Asia, saying the region still remained its priority. Rajapaksa said China indicated that it would …

China becomes wild card in Sri Lanka’s debt crisis
2 years, 7 months ago

China becomes wild card in Sri Lanka’s debt crisis

Associated Press  

COLOMBO, Sri Lanka — China says its initiative to build ports and other infrastructure across Asia and Africa, paid for with Chinese loans, will boost trade. Lack of cooperation by Beijing “would complicate Sri Lanka’s debt recovery journey,” said Aditi Mittal of Verisk Maplecroft, a consulting firm, in an email. In a written response to questions, the Chinese foreign ministry …

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