Powell says Fed will hike further and faster if necessary
2 years, 9 months ago

Powell says Fed will hike further and faster if necessary

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Chair Jerome Powell said Monday that the Federal Reserve would raise its benchmark short-term interest rate faster than expected, and high enough to restrain growth and hiring, if it decides this would be necessary to slow rampaging inflation. He added, too, that the policymakers could go so far as to send rates into “restrictive” territory that would slow economic growth and possibly raise the unemployment rate, if needed to tame high inflation. Powell cautioned Monday that those projections of future interest rates and inflation “can become outdated quickly at times like these, when events are developing rapidly.” According to an NABE survey of its member economists, 77% think the Fed’s interest rate policy remains too low. “I believe that the historical record provides some grounds for optimism,” he said “Soft, or at least soft-ish, landings have been relatively common in U.S. monetary history.” Still, the Fed chair added that “no one expects that bringing about a soft landing will be straightforward in the current context — very little is straightforward in the current context.” He acknowledged that higher oil and commodity prices serve as a reminder of the oil price spikes of the 1970s, which fed soaring inflation in that decade. He suggested that higher rates from the Fed could slow consumer spending enough to reduce that outsize demand for workers, which would, in turn, reduce wage growth to a level that wouldn’t boost inflation.

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History of this topic

BOJ Deputy Chief Says Will Raise Rate If Outlook Is Realized
1 day, 7 hours ago

BOJ Deputy Chief Says Will Raise Rate If Outlook Is Realized

Live Mint  

-- Bank of Japan Deputy Governor Ryozo Himino reiterated that the central bank will raise rates if its outlook continues to be realized, while adding that there are risks both at home and abroad that require attention. “If this outlook will continue to be realized, the Bank will raise the policy interest rate accordingly and adjust the degree of monetary …

Top Fed official backs more rate cuts even if Trump tariffs materialize
6 days, 21 hours ago

Top Fed official backs more rate cuts even if Trump tariffs materialize

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — A top policymaker at the U.S. Federal Reserve said Wednesday that he still supports cutting interest rates this year, despite elevated inflation and the prospect of widespread tariffs under the incoming Trump administration. Christopher Waller, an influential member of the Fed’s board of governors, said he expects inflation will move closer to the Fed’s 2% target in the …

Dollar stands tall in 2024, propped up by cautious Fed, Trump trade
2 weeks, 1 day ago

Dollar stands tall in 2024, propped up by cautious Fed, Trump trade

Live Mint  

By Ankur Banerjee SINGORE, - The dollar was firm on the last trading day of the year, poised to clock strong gains in 2024 against most currencies as investors prepared for fewer U.S. rate cuts and the incoming Trump administration's policies. Goldman Sachs strategists though expect three rate cuts from the Fed next year, confident that inflation will still trend …

The Fed is trying—again—to size up Trump
2 weeks, 5 days ago

The Fed is trying—again—to size up Trump

Live Mint  

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell is walking an old tightrope into 2025: He is trying to avoid appearing confrontational with Donald Trump, even though some of his colleagues are signaling unease that the president-elect’s policies might rekindle inflationary pressures. Political antennae Powell said at a news conference last week that some officials accounted for potential policy changes in their new …

US Fed’s preferred inflation yardstick edges higher by 2.4% in November, stays within Wall Street estimates
3 weeks, 4 days ago

US Fed’s preferred inflation yardstick edges higher by 2.4% in November, stays within Wall Street estimates

Live Mint  

The US Federal Reserve's preferred inflation measure rose for a second straight month in November by 2.4 per cent, yet stayed within Wall Street estimates. The US Commerce Department's data showed on Friday that the personal consumption expenditures price index rose 2.4 per cent year-on-year in the 12 months to November, up from 2.3 per cent in October. At 2.4 …

Does the Fed even know what it’s trying to do?
3 weeks, 5 days ago

Does the Fed even know what it’s trying to do?

Live Mint  

We might as well confront it head-on: What the Federal Reserve did this week doesn’t make any sense. The Federal Open Market Committee on Wednesday cut the target range for the Fed funds rate by one-quarter percentage point, to 4.25% to 4.5%, its third consecutive rate reduction. Because the first, in September, was a “jumbo" half-percent cut, the central bank’s …

US Federal Reserve lowers interest rates, signals slower cuts for 2025
Trending News
3 weeks, 6 days ago

US Federal Reserve lowers interest rates, signals slower cuts for 2025

India TV News  

The Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate by a quarter for the third consecutive time. Future outlook: Moderate reductions expected by 2025 Another quarterly outlook indicated only two rate cuts in 2025, with officials predicting government rates to reach 3.75 per cent-4 per cent by the end of that year. Fed Governor Michelle Bowman warned that inflation would remain …

Feds drop interest rates by another quarter-point easing burden for borrowers
Trending News
3 weeks, 6 days ago

Feds drop interest rates by another quarter-point easing burden for borrowers

The Independent  

The latest headlines from our reporters across the US sent straight to your inbox each weekday Your briefing on the latest headlines from across the US Your briefing on the latest headlines from across the US SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. This year's Fed rate reductions have marked a …

US Fed lowers benchmark rate to 4.25-4.50% for third straight meeting, eyes two cuts in 2025; 5 key highlights
3 weeks, 6 days ago

US Fed lowers benchmark rate to 4.25-4.50% for third straight meeting, eyes two cuts in 2025; 5 key highlights

Live Mint  

The US Federal Reserve announced its eighth and final monetary policy decision for 2024 after a two-day Federal Open Market Committee meeting and slashed its benchmark interest rate by or a quarter of a percentage point to 4.25-4.50 per cent. US Fed chair Jerome Powell-led rate-setting panel cut the federal funds rate for the third straight meeting after kicking off …

Inflation analysis: Prices rising faster means higher borrowing costs for longer amid recession fears
3 weeks, 6 days ago

Inflation analysis: Prices rising faster means higher borrowing costs for longer amid recession fears

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. The faster price gains for consumer goods like food …

U.S. Fed expected to cut again, despite uncertain path ahead
3 weeks, 6 days ago

U.S. Fed expected to cut again, despite uncertain path ahead

Raw Story  

The U.S. Federal Reserve is widely expected to cut interest rates by a quarter point on Wednesday and signal a slower pace of cuts ahead, brushing off uncertainty about inflation's downward path and the possible impact of some of President-elect Donald Trump's economic proposals. "If the Fed wasn't going to do that, they would have dissuaded markets of that notion …

US Fed cuts interest rates but cautions for year ahead
Trending News
4 weeks ago

US Fed cuts interest rates but cautions for year ahead

Al Jazeera  

Slower progress on inflation translates into a slower pace of rate cuts, especially as economic growth is brisk. “Economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace” with an unemployment rate that “remains low” and inflation that “remains somewhat elevated”, the central bank’s rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee said in its latest policy statement on Wednesday. That is half …

Federal Reserve is likely to slow its rate cuts with inflation pressures still elevated
4 weeks, 2 days ago

Federal Reserve is likely to slow its rate cuts with inflation pressures still elevated

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Americans hoping for lower borrowing costs for homes, credit cards and cars may be disappointed after this week’s Federal Reserve meeting. The Fed’s policymakers are likely to signal fewer interest rate cuts next year than were previously expected. Instead, inflation has become stuck at a higher level, yet the Fed after Wednesday’s meeting will likely have lowered its …

EXCLUSIVE-BOJ leaning toward keeping rates steady next week, sources say
Trending News
1 month ago

EXCLUSIVE-BOJ leaning toward keeping rates steady next week, sources say

Live Mint  

* BOJ in no rush to hike as yen's rebound moderates price pressure * Void of renewed yen plunge, BOJ prefers to gauge more data * Trump risk, wage uncertainty favour standing pat - for now * BOJ to meet Dec. 18-19, Fed decision due hours before BOJ's By Leika Kihara TOKYO, Dec 12 - The Bank of Japan is …

Investors shouldn’t count on much help from the Fed next year
1 month ago

Investors shouldn’t count on much help from the Fed next year

Live Mint  

Markets seemed undisturbed by Wednesday’s inflation data, which showed consumer prices rising 2.7% in November from a year earlier, up from 2.6% in October. Despite the slowdown, jobs are still posting decent gains, and overall economic momentum remains strong, with real gross domestic product growth clocking in at an annualized 2.8% in the third quarter. But the public data already …

U.S. inflation ticked up last month as some price pressures persist
1 month ago

U.S. inflation ticked up last month as some price pressures persist

LA Times  

Fueled by pricier used cars, hotel rooms and groceries, inflation in the United States moved slightly higher last month in the latest sign that some price pressures remain elevated. Though inflation is now way below its peak of 9.1% in June 2022, average prices are still about 20% higher than they were three years ago — a major source of …

Fed seen poised to cut rates this month, debate 2025 pause
1 month, 1 week ago

Fed seen poised to cut rates this month, debate 2025 pause

Live Mint  

* US job growth rebounds in November after October slowdown * Traders lift bets on Fed rate cut this month to 85% * Bowman, who dissented on September rate cut, urges caution * Hammack says it may be time to pause By Howard Schneider and Ann Saphir CHICAGO/PALO ALTO, California, Dec 6 - Federal Reserve officials appear on track to …

Why Trump and the Federal Reserve could clash in the coming years
1 month, 1 week ago

Why Trump and the Federal Reserve could clash in the coming years

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — President-elect Donald Trump campaigned on the promise that his policies would reduce high borrowing costs and lighten the financial burden on American households. And even if Powell reduces the Fed’s benchmark rate, Trump’s own policies could keep other borrowing costs — like mortgage rates — elevated. The Fed would likely respond by slowing or stopping its rate cuts, …

Republicans (Quietly) Disagree With Trump on the Fed
1 month, 1 week ago

Republicans (Quietly) Disagree With Trump on the Fed

Politico  

The president-elect’s chief issue with the Fed seems to be that he wants more influence over its decisions. Powell’s term also ends in May 2026, at which time Trump will be able to pick a new Fed chief, who could shift the modern, arms-length relationship between presidents and central bank leaders. “I like the way it’s set up right now,” …

Powell: Fed’s independence from politics is vital to its interest rate decisions
1 month, 1 week ago

Powell: Fed’s independence from politics is vital to its interest rate decisions

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Chair Jerome Powell said Wednesday that the Federal Reserve’s ability to set interest rates free of political interference is necessary for it to make decisions to serve “all Americans” rather than a political party or political outcome. In his remarks Wednesday, Powell said, “We’re supposed to achieve maximum employment and price stability for the benefit of all Americans …

The US Fed needs a serious rethink at its next policy review
1 month, 1 week ago

The US Fed needs a serious rethink at its next policy review

Live Mint  

Next year, the US Federal Reserve will undertake an exercise with global implications: its periodic monetary policy framework review, at which it rethinks its approach to managing the world’s largest economy. By March 2022, interest rates were still near zero and the Fed was buying Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities to push down longer-term rates—while the US unemployment rate was 3.8% …

Powell says a strong US economy is letting the Fed be ‘cautious’ about cutting interest rates
1 month, 1 week ago

Powell says a strong US economy is letting the Fed be ‘cautious’ about cutting interest rates

CNN  

Washington CNN — Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said Wednesday that the US economy’s strength means the central bank can show some restraint with cutting interest rates. “The US economy is in very good shape, and there’s no reason for that not to continue,” Powell said at an event hosted by The New York Times. “At present I lean toward …

U.S. Fed officials see inflation fight as broadly on track
1 month, 1 week ago

U.S. Fed officials see inflation fight as broadly on track

Raw Story  

The U.S. appears on track to hit its long-term target of two percent inflation despite a recent uptick, three Federal Reserve officials said Monday, with one indicating tentative support for another rate cut this month. "At present I lean toward supporting a cut to the policy rate at our December meeting," he said, noting that many people still expected inflation …

A top Fed official leans toward December rate cut but says it depends on economic data
1 month, 1 week ago

A top Fed official leans toward December rate cut but says it depends on economic data

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — A top Federal Reserve official said Monday that he is leaning toward supporting an interest rate cut when the Fed meets in two weeks but that evidence of persistent inflation before then could cause him to change that view. But he noted that there’s a risk that inflation “may be getting stuck above” the Fed’s 2% target, which …

A top Fed official leans toward December rate cut but says it depends on economic data
1 month, 1 week ago

A top Fed official leans toward December rate cut but says it depends on economic data

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy A top Federal Reserve official …

Federal Reserve officials signal cautious path for rate cuts amid still-high inflation
1 month, 2 weeks ago

Federal Reserve officials signal cautious path for rate cuts amid still-high inflation

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — With inflation still elevated, Federal Reserve officials expressed caution at their last meeting about cutting interest rates too quickly, adding to uncertainty about their next moves. Even if inflation continued declining to the Fed’s 2% target, officials said, “it would likely be appropriate to move gradually” in lowering rates, according to minutes of the November 6-7 meeting. Yet …

month peak as market awaits next Fed cue
1 month, 3 weeks ago

month peak as market awaits next Fed cue

Live Mint  

By Brigid Riley TOKYO - The U.S. dollar stuck close to a 13-month high on Friday as investors assessed the outlook for the Federal Reserve's interest rate path and uncertainty in Europe kept the euro on the back foot, while bitcoin eyed the $100,000 level. The yen, meanwhile, held its ground against the greenback after domestic core inflation figures remained …

UK inflation hits six-month high of 2.3% on high energy bills; BoE stresses on gradual rate cuts
1 month, 3 weeks ago

UK inflation hits six-month high of 2.3% on high energy bills; BoE stresses on gradual rate cuts

Live Mint  

British inflation jumped by more than expected last month to rise back above the Bank of England's 2% target and underlying price growth gathered speed too, showing why the BoE is moving cautiously on interest rate cuts. Consumer prices rose by an annual 2.3% in October, pushed up almost entirely by an increase in regulated domestic energy tariffs, after a …

Powell says solid economy allows Fed to consider rate cuts ‘carefully’
2 months ago

Powell says solid economy allows Fed to consider rate cuts ‘carefully’

Live Mint  

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said recent signs of economic health would allow the central bank to take its time in deciding how quickly to continue reducing interest rates. Before Powell’s remarks, investors in interest-rate futures markets expected the central bank to lower rates by a quarter point at that meeting and then to slow down the pace of cuts …

US Fed Chair Jerome Powell says no need to rush rate cuts amid strong economy
Trending News
2 months ago

US Fed Chair Jerome Powell says no need to rush rate cuts amid strong economy

Live Mint  

The US Federal Reserve does not need to rush to cut interest rates due to the ongoing economic growth, a solid job market, and inflation that remains above its 2% target, said Fed Chair Jerome Powell. According to Powell, the Fed policymakers believe inflation is progressing toward a “sustainable path to 2%” that will enable the US central bank to …

Powell says Fed will likely cut rates cautiously given persistent inflation pressures
2 months ago

Powell says Fed will likely cut rates cautiously given persistent inflation pressures

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Chair Jerome Powell said Thursday that the Federal Reserve will likely cut its key interest rate slowly and deliberately in the coming months, in part because inflation has shown signs of persistence and the Fed’s officials want to see where it heads next. In his remarks Thursday, Powell suggested that inflation may remain stuck somewhat above the Fed’s …

US Fed rate cut: First inflation uptick in 7 months does little for Powell-led FOMC’s December plans; here’s why
2 months ago

US Fed rate cut: First inflation uptick in 7 months does little for Powell-led FOMC’s December plans; here’s why

Live Mint  

The US Federal Reserve will likely stay on course towards delivering another interest rate cut in its December policy meeting even after the latest inflation print revealed that consumer prices rose for the first time in seven months. Wall Street analysts say that October's inflation data "will change little for the US Fed'' when the Federal Open Market Committee will …

Economist reveals how Trump could make the economy worse
2 months ago

Economist reveals how Trump could make the economy worse

Daily Mail  

Former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers addresses the New York Economic Club, expressing serious concerns about the Federal Reserve 's approach to inflation. Summers, who has been vocal about inflation risks, warned that the Federal Reserve, under Jerome Powell, is not acting decisively enough to address "overheating risks" in the economy. Summers speculated that a second Trump administration could exacerbate inflation …

Liberal economist Larry Summers issues frightening warning about inflation to Americans following Trump's election
2 months ago

Liberal economist Larry Summers issues frightening warning about inflation to Americans following Trump's election

Daily Mail  

Liberal economist Larry Summers warned that inflation is still not fixed and that a Trump administration could make things even worse. Liberal economist Larry Summers warned that inflation is still not fixed and that a Trump administration could make things even worse Summers is worried that President-elect Donald Trump may only make 'Bidenflation' worse The central bank made a 25 …

Fed’s Powell: Rate cuts are still underway, but there’s no hurry
2 months ago

Fed’s Powell: Rate cuts are still underway, but there’s no hurry

CNN  

Washington CNN — Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said Thursday that interest rates are still expected to decline further, but suggested they might not be that much lower over the next few months. Powell said in a moderated discussion that Fed economists may begin to assess Trump’s plans and how they could affect the economy more seriously as early as …

Trump enters just as the Fed is shifting its focus
2 months ago

Trump enters just as the Fed is shifting its focus

Live Mint  

With its second consecutive interest-rate cut this year, the Federal Reserve is attempting to boost the odds of a soft landing. Alternatively, any resurgence in inflation could force the Fed to stop cutting rates, raising the odds that the economy faces a hard landing later in Trump’s term. Due in part to the Fed cutting rates with a solid economy, …

The Fed’s next moves are now anyone’s guess
2 months ago

The Fed’s next moves are now anyone’s guess

Live Mint  

Take the Federal Reserve’s projections from September and throw them into the trash. The Fed cut rates by a quarter point on Thursday, as universally expected and following a half-point cut in September. Take for instance Fed policymakers’ longer-term economic projections released at their September meeting. But the chance that the Fed could cut rates by just a quarter point …

The Fed thinks inflation is vanquished
2 months, 1 week ago

The Fed thinks inflation is vanquished

Live Mint  

Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell is sticking with his view that inflation is all but vanquished. Mr. Powell delivered a surprisingly large, 50-basis point cut in September despite persistent above-target inflation and a strong labor market. Economic models tell Mr. Powell and colleagues that inflation will resume its downward drift eventually, and that if they don’t cut rates in the …

Fed Cuts Rates; Powell Says Wouldn’t Resign If Asked By Trump
2 months, 1 week ago

Fed Cuts Rates; Powell Says Wouldn’t Resign If Asked By Trump

Live Mint  

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said he would not resign from his role if asked to do so by a re-elected Donald Trump, following the Fed’s decision Thursday to lower interest rates by a quarter percentage point. When asked at a post-meeting press conference whether he would step down if requested by Trump, Powell replied forcefully, “No.” He also said …

US Fed cuts policy rate by quarter-point to 4.50-4.75% after Donald Trump’s poll victory; 5 key takeaways
2 months, 1 week ago

US Fed cuts policy rate by quarter-point to 4.50-4.75% after Donald Trump’s poll victory; 5 key takeaways

Live Mint  

The US Federal Reserve announced its seventh policy decision for 2024 after a two-day Federal Open Market Committee meeting and slashed its benchmark interest rate by a quarter of a percentage point to 4.50-4.75 per cent. US Fed Policy November 2024: Here are 5 key highlights 1.US Fed slashes key rates by 25 bps after Trump's election results The US …

US Federal Reserve cuts rate by 0.25% after first post-election meeting, notes easing inflation
Trending News
2 months, 1 week ago

US Federal Reserve cuts rate by 0.25% after first post-election meeting, notes easing inflation

Firstpost  

The interest rate in the US is now in the range of 4.5-4.75 per cent. The US Federal Reserve on Thursday cut the benchmark lending rates in the country by 0.25 per cent. Inflation has made progress toward the Committee’s 2 per cent objective but remains somewhat elevated,” the Federal Open Market Committee, which is responsible for changes to the …

What’s at stake with the Fed, now that Trump has won?
2 months, 1 week ago

What’s at stake with the Fed, now that Trump has won?

Live Mint  

When Federal Reserve officials decide this week on the path for interest rates, they will have a new factor to consider: the re-election of Donald Trump. Not only could Trump’s policies affect the path for inflation and growth, his return to the White House also poses questions about the Fed’s freedom to set rates without political interference. Trump appointed the …

Fed cuts interest rates again, but Trump’s victory makes future path a lot more murky
Trending News
2 months, 1 week ago

Fed cuts interest rates again, but Trump’s victory makes future path a lot more murky

LA Times  

The Federal Reserve cut interest rates for a second straight time on Thursday in an effort to keep the economy sailing along by easing the high borrowing costs it engineered to fight inflation. Economists see risks on two fronts: If Trump follows through on his campaign promises to lower taxes and levy across-the-board tariffs, he could reignite inflation and force …

US Fed cuts interest rates by quarter of a percentage point
Top News
2 months, 1 week ago

US Fed cuts interest rates by quarter of a percentage point

Al Jazeera  

The Fed will have to navigate a changing economic landscape with the election of Donald Trump as the next US president. The United States Federal Reserve has cut interest rates by a quarter of a percentage point as policymakers took note of a job market that has “generally eased” while inflation continues to move towards the central bank’s 2 percent …

Jerome Powell-led FOMC to meet today: US election results, inflation to GDP— 5 key indicators to watch
2 months, 1 week ago

Jerome Powell-led FOMC to meet today: US election results, inflation to GDP— 5 key indicators to watch

Live Mint  

The US Federal Reserve will begin its deliberations for the latest monetary policy decisions today, November 6, and will announce its new benchmark interest rate decision on Thursday, November 7. In September's policy meeting, US Fed policymakers said they see the interest rate falling by another 50 bps by the end of this year, another full percentage point in 2025, …

Trump seizes on Fed rate cut to open new line of attack on economy
3 months, 3 weeks ago

Trump seizes on Fed rate cut to open new line of attack on economy

Politico  

The Fed’s move to lower borrowing costs offers Trump a fresh line of attack against the Biden-Harris administration’s economic record — and a new chapter in his often contentious relationship with the Fed chief — that could resonate even as inflation fades. “The decision by the Fed shows the economy and the job market are in very bad shape,” Brian …

Fed slashes rates just weeks before US election
3 months, 4 weeks ago

Fed slashes rates just weeks before US election

The Telegraph  

The former president told reporters: “To cut it by that much, assuming they’re not just playing politics, the economy would be very bad.” The timing of the rate cut, less than two months before the election, is seen as beneficial to Kamala Harris, who is fighting an incumbent campaign. Our nation’s central bank has no business moving rates this close …

‘You May Not Be Crazy': Why The Election Matters To The Fed.
3 months, 4 weeks ago

‘You May Not Be Crazy': Why The Election Matters To The Fed.

Politico  

Fed Chair Jerome Powell is adamant that the central bank’s interest rate decisions will never be based on politics, only on the economic outlook. And while Powell has made clear that the central bank doesn’t make policy based on politicians’ campaign promises, the outcome of an election is another data point — more lasting than this month’s jobs numbers or …

Republicans break with Trump, back Fed ahead of rate cut
4 months ago

Republicans break with Trump, back Fed ahead of rate cut

Politico  

“It is time for a rate cut,” said Sen. John Kennedy of Louisiana. “This economy — particularly the labor market — is softening very, very, very quickly.” GOP lawmakers’ support for the cut signals that they’re willing to give the Fed room to drive decision-making on monetary policy, despite Trump’s stated desire to have more say over it. “You’ve got …

The Fed welcomes a 'soft landing' even if many Americans don't feel like cheering
4 months, 1 week ago

The Fed welcomes a 'soft landing' even if many Americans don't feel like cheering

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. In his remarks last month, given at an annual …

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