Suprme Court dismisses PIL seeking VVPAT verfication of all EVM votes, terms it 'nuisance'
5 years, 10 months ago

Suprme Court dismisses PIL seeking VVPAT verfication of all EVM votes, terms it 'nuisance'

Firstpost  

A vacation bench of the apex court headed by Justice Arun Mishra, and comprising Justice MR Shah did not find any merit in the petition. New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Tuesday dismissed a plea filed by a group of technocrats seeking a direction that all votes on Electronic Voting Machines be verified with voter-verified paper audit trail. “As technocrats, we submit that in the long term the EVM should be replaced by optical ballot scan machine which upholds the tangible secret ballot system, verifiable even by a common man coupled with cost-effectiveness,” the petition said. On 7 May, twenty-one Opposition parties urged the Election Commissioner to match at least 50 percent electronic voting machines with VVPAs after their petition of the same effect was rejected by the top court.

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History of this topic

'EVM tampered when you lose, it's not when you win': SC junks plea for reverting to paper ballots
4 months ago

'EVM tampered when you lose, it's not when you win': SC junks plea for reverting to paper ballots

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Tuesday dismissed a plea seeking to revert to paper ballot voting in elections in the country, saying allegations of tampering with electronic voting machine raked up only when people lose polls. Apart from ballot paper voting, the plea sought several directions including a directive to the Election Commission to disqualify candidates for a minimum …

EVMs are fine when you win, tampered when you lose: SC dismisses plea for ballot paper voting
4 months ago

EVMs are fine when you win, tampered when you lose: SC dismisses plea for ballot paper voting

India TV News  

The Supreme Court dismissed a public interest litigation on Tuesday that sought a return to ballot paper voting in elections, emphasising the inconsistency of claims regarding electronic voting machines. Paul, sought multiple directions, including reverting to ballot papers, disqualification of candidates found guilty of distributing money or liquor to voters, and a framework to curb electoral malpractice. Your area of …

SC rejects plea seeking review of VVPAT-EVM verification verdict: Here's what top court said
7 months, 3 weeks ago

SC rejects plea seeking review of VVPAT-EVM verification verdict: Here's what top court said

India TV News  

The Supreme Court on Tuesday dismissed a review petition seeking a reconsideration of its earlier judgement that rejected the demand for 100 per cent verification of Electronic Voting Machine votes with their corresponding Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips. The bench, comprising Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, ruled that there was no substantial ground to review the court's April …

Plea Filed In Supreme Court For Review Of Judgment Refusing 100% Cross-Verification Of EVM-VVPAT Data
10 months, 1 week ago

Plea Filed In Supreme Court For Review Of Judgment Refusing 100% Cross-Verification Of EVM-VVPAT Data

Live Law  

In the latest development, a plea has been filed before the Supreme Court seeking review of the judgment in the EVM-VVPAT case, vide which prayer for 100% cross-verification of EVM data with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail records was denied.It may be recalled that a Bench of Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta had delivered two separate, concurring judgements in …

Supreme Court affirms sanctity of EVMs, paper trail system
11 months ago

Supreme Court affirms sanctity of EVMs, paper trail system

Hindustan Times  

The Supreme Court on Friday dismissed a bundle of petitions that demanded 100% cross-verification of votes cast on Electronic Voting Machines with the Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails or a return to the ballot paper system, underlining that “EVMs are simple, secure and user-friendly” and that the “integrity of the electoral process earned over years cannot be chaffed and overridden …

INDI Alliance leaders committed sin of creating doubt on EVMs: PM Modi
11 months ago

INDI Alliance leaders committed sin of creating doubt on EVMs: PM Modi

Op India  

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Friday attacked the INDIA bloc over the Supreme Court decision rejecting the plea for 100 per cent VVPAT verification of EVM votes and said every leader of the opposition grouping has “committed the sin” of creating doubts in minds of people about Electronic Voting Machine and “their dreams have been shattered”. Booth capturing was very …

EVM wins again: SC rejects all petitions seeking 100% cross verification by VVPAT slips, refuses to allow paper ballots
11 months ago

EVM wins again: SC rejects all petitions seeking 100% cross verification by VVPAT slips, refuses to allow paper ballots

Op India  

On Friday, the Supreme Court dismissed all petitions demanding a 100% verification of all votes cast using Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trails, or VVPATs, and going back to paper ballots. Justice Khanna delivered the verdict, stating that the court had thoroughly studied the procedures and technical factors and hence dismissed the request for 100% verification of …

SC rejects pleas for 100% EVM-VVPAT cross-verification, ballot paper voting
11 months ago

SC rejects pleas for 100% EVM-VVPAT cross-verification, ballot paper voting

Hindustan Times  

The Supreme Court on Friday affirmed the credibility of Electronic Voting Machines and their integration with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trails, rejecting petitions that demanded 100% cross-verification of votes cast on EVMs with the VVPATs or going back to the ballot paper system. Although initially dismissed by the Delhi high court, the plea found favour in the Supreme Court, which, …

EVM VVPAT case: Supreme Court rejects pleas seeking 100% cross verification
11 months ago

EVM VVPAT case: Supreme Court rejects pleas seeking 100% cross verification

Hindustan Times  

Pleas for 100% verification of EVM-VVPAT: The Supreme Court on Friday rejected petitions seeking complete cross-verification of votes cast using Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. The apex court also said a request for verification of the microcontroller of EVMs can be made within seven days of the declaration of election results upon payment of fees. VVPAT-EVM …

EVM VVPAT case: Supreme Court rejects pleas seeking 100% cross verification
11 months ago

EVM VVPAT case: Supreme Court rejects pleas seeking 100% cross verification

Hindustan Times  

Pleas for 100% verification of EVM-VVPAT: The Supreme Court on Friday rejected petitions seeking complete cross-verification of votes cast using Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. The apex court also said a request for verification of the microcontroller of EVMs can be made within seven days of the declaration of election results upon payment of fees. VVPAT-EVM …

EVM-VVPAT case: Supreme Court verdict on pleas seeking 100% verification today
11 months ago

EVM-VVPAT case: Supreme Court verdict on pleas seeking 100% verification today

Hindustan Times  

The Supreme Court is set to deliver its judgment on a series of petitions seeking a comprehensive cross-verification of votes cast through Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. On Wednesday, the Supreme Court said it could not “control the elections” or issue any directions solely based on doubts about the reliability of EVMs. Read Here | Why …

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES
11 months ago

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES

Live Law  

The Supreme Court will pass orders today on petitions seeking complete verification of the votes recorded in the Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips. During the hearing, the bench also orally expressed reservations about the manual counting process, saying that human interventions can lead to problems. As per the current practice, the ECI randmoly verifies the …

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES
11 months ago

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES

Live Law  

The Supreme Court will pass orders today on petitions seeking complete verification of the votes recorded in the Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips. During the hearing, the bench also orally expressed reservations about the manual counting process, saying that human interventions can lead to problems. As per the current practice, the ECI randmoly verifies the …

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES
11 months ago

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES

Live Law  

The Supreme Court will pass orders today on petitions seeking complete verification of the votes recorded in the Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips. During the hearing, the bench also orally expressed reservations about the manual counting process, saying that human interventions can lead to problems. As per the current practice, the ECI randmoly verifies the …

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES
11 months ago

Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification : Supreme Court Seeks Clarifications From ECI | LIVE UPDATES

Live Law  

The Supreme Court will pass orders today on petitions seeking complete verification of the votes recorded in the Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips. During the hearing, the bench also orally expressed reservations about the manual counting process, saying that human interventions can lead to problems. As per the current practice, the ECI randmoly verifies the …

Petitions Seeking 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification Listed Tomorrow In Supreme Court For Directions
11 months ago

Petitions Seeking 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification Listed Tomorrow In Supreme Court For Directions

Live Law  

The Supreme Court is expected to pass directions tomorrow on petitions seeking 100% verification of the votes recorded in the Electronic Voting Machines with the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips.As per the causelist, the petitions are listed tomorrow in the Supreme Court "For Directions." The Supreme Court is expected to pass directions tomorrow on petitions seeking 100% verification of …

Supreme Court Likely To Pass Direction On Pleas Seeking Mandatory EVM-VVPAT Tally Tomorrow
11 months ago

Supreme Court Likely To Pass Direction On Pleas Seeking Mandatory EVM-VVPAT Tally Tomorrow

News 18  

The Supreme Court is likely to pass directions or seek clarification over a batch of public interest litigations seeking a direction to the Election Commission of India to mandatorily cross-verify the votes cast in Electronic Voting Machines with Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit Trail slips. In April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase the VVPAT slips from one Electronic …

EVMs Can Be Manipulated, 100% VVPAT Verification Fundamental Right Of Voter: SC Told, Next Hearing On Thursday
11 months, 1 week ago

EVMs Can Be Manipulated, 100% VVPAT Verification Fundamental Right Of Voter: SC Told, Next Hearing On Thursday

ABP News  

The Supreme Court on Tuesday heard the pleas seeking counting and cross-verification of 100% VVPAT paper slips with Electronic Voting Machines in the upcoming Lok Sabha elections. The petitioners moved the top court against the present system of counting VVPATs in 5 randomly selected polling booths per Assembly. SC Rejects Proposal For Going Back To Ballot Paper System The petitioners …

EVM-VVPAT issue: Supreme Court to hear pleas for 100% votes verification today | Key points
11 months, 1 week ago

EVM-VVPAT issue: Supreme Court to hear pleas for 100% votes verification today | Key points

Hindustan Times  

The Supreme Court on Tuesday, April 16, will hear a batch of petitions seeking cross-verification of the votes cast with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. Supreme Court to hear EVM-VVPAT plea: Top points A bench of Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, which could not take up the pleas related to Electronic Voting Machines or EVMs, said it would consider …

ECI Has Already Taken Steps: Bombay High Court Dismisses PIL Seeking Directions On ECI To Create Voter Awareness For 'NOTA'
11 months, 3 weeks ago

ECI Has Already Taken Steps: Bombay High Court Dismisses PIL Seeking Directions On ECI To Create Voter Awareness For 'NOTA'

Live Law  

The Bombay High Court recently dismissed a PIL seeking directions to the Election Commission of India to create awareness in public about the 'None of the Above' option on electronic voting machines. The SVEEP Strategy 2022-2025 was also published…Having considered the above factors and the steps taken by the Election Commission of India and the State Election Commission, and the …

Supreme Court notice to Election Commission on plea to count all VVPAT slips
11 months, 3 weeks ago

Supreme Court notice to Election Commission on plea to count all VVPAT slips

India Today  

The Supreme Court on Monday issued notice to the Election Commission on a petition seeking the counting of all Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail paper slips in elections, instead of verifying only five randomly selected Electronic Voting Machines in each assembly segment of a parliamentary constituency. A bench of Justices BR Gavai and Sandeep Mehta issued notice to the poll …

'How many petitions shall we entertain?': Supreme Court dismisses pleas related to EVMs
1 year ago

'How many petitions shall we entertain?': Supreme Court dismisses pleas related to EVMs

Hindustan Times  

The Supreme Court on Friday refused to entertain a plea alleging irregularities in the functioning of Electronic Voting Machines, saying every method has its plus and minus points. The top court also dismissed another petition which claimed 19 lakh EVMs "missing" from the custody of the Election Commission during 2016-19 may be used to manipulate the results of the upcoming …

Supreme Court Dismisses Congress Leader's Plea Challenging ‘First Level Check’ Of EVMs, VVPATs Carried Out By Election Commission
1 year, 5 months ago

Supreme Court Dismisses Congress Leader's Plea Challenging ‘First Level Check’ Of EVMs, VVPATs Carried Out By Election Commission

Live Law  

The Supreme Court today refused to entertain a petition challenging the “First Level Check" of Electronic Voting Machines and Voter Verified Paper Trails conducted by the Election Commission of India in July this yer at eleven district offices in Delhi for their use in the 2024 Lok Sabha polls. The PIL before Delhi High Court had been moved against the …

SC to consider plea seeking cross verification of EVM vote count with VVPAT
1 year, 8 months ago

SC to consider plea seeking cross verification of EVM vote count with VVPAT

The Hindu  

The Supreme Court on Monday asked petitioner NGO, Association for Democratic Reforms, to serve the Election Commission of India with a copy of their petition seeking a direction to cross-verify the vote count in Electronic Voting Machines with votes separately “recorded as cast” in the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. The present petition said the apex court had directed in …

Why EVMs with VVPATs can’t be used in Delhi civic polls, asks HC
3 years ago

Why EVMs with VVPATs can’t be used in Delhi civic polls, asks HC

Hindustan Times  

NEW DELHI: The Delhi high court on Friday asked the State Election Commission why Electronic Voting Machines with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail cannot be used for the civic polls in Delhi. Ruling Aam Aadmi Party lawmaker Saurabh Bhardwaj has filed a plea seeking directions for the use of VVPAT machines for the polls to rule out chances of tampering. …

"Stark Example Of PIL Abuse" Gujarat HC Dismisses Plea Regarding Use Of VVPATs, Listing Of Irregularities By State Election Commission With Cost Of Rs.500
3 years, 9 months ago

"Stark Example Of PIL Abuse" Gujarat HC Dismisses Plea Regarding Use Of VVPATs, Listing Of Irregularities By State Election Commission With Cost Of Rs.500

Live Law  

Observing that the petitioner had filed a successive PIL raising identical issues similar to an earlier PIL rejected by the Court, the Gujarat High Court has recently dismissed with cost of Rs. 500, a PIL pertaining to reservation of seats in local body elections, use of VVPAT machines and listing of illegalities practiced by State Election Commission.A division bench comprising …

Supreme Court Dismisses Trinamool Congress Leader's Plea For 100% VVPAT Verification
3 years, 11 months ago

Supreme Court Dismisses Trinamool Congress Leader's Plea For 100% VVPAT Verification

Live Law  

The Supreme Court on Monday dismissed a petition filed by Trinamool Congress Leader Gopal Seth seeking 100% verification of votes with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail in Electronic Voting Machines.A bench headed by the Chief Justice of India SA Bobde said that the Court did not want to interfere in the middle of the election process.Seth approached the Supreme Court …

Congress leader Udit Raj accuses Supreme Court of ‘rigging’ Lok Sabha polls
5 years, 10 months ago

Congress leader Udit Raj accuses Supreme Court of ‘rigging’ Lok Sabha polls

India TV News  

Congress leader Udit Raj has raised questions over the way the Supreme Court has dealt with complaints of EVM rigging and with petitions seeking review of 100 per cent VVPAT slips along with electronic voting machines on vote counting day. The Supreme Court on Tuesday declined to hear a PIL which sought 100 per cent verification of Voter Verifiable Paper …

SC Dismisses New Plea For 100% VVPAT Verification
5 years, 10 months ago

SC Dismisses New Plea For 100% VVPAT Verification

Live Law  

The vacation bench of the Supreme Court today dismissed a petition filed seeking 100% verification of the Voter Verified Paper Audited Trails with the Electronic Voting Machines. Why are you taking chance before a two-judge vacation bench," the apex court asked. Earlier, the SC had directed the Election Commission of India to increase VVPAT verification to one EVM to five …

Supreme Court dismisses the review petition to increase verification of VVPAT-EVM to 50%
5 years, 10 months ago

Supreme Court dismisses the review petition to increase verification of VVPAT-EVM to 50%

Live Mint  

The Supreme Court on Tuesday refused to review its order on paper verification of electronic voting, in a setback for 21 opposition parties that had made a last-ditch attempt for greater paper matching of electronic votes. Tuesday was the first day for hearing the review petition, with Andhra Pradesh chief minister N. Chandrababu Naidu, Aam Aadmi Party MP Sanjay Singh, …

SC shatters 21 opposition parties’ EVM fear mongering in less than a minute, dismisses petition for 50% VVPAT verification
5 years, 10 months ago

SC shatters 21 opposition parties’ EVM fear mongering in less than a minute, dismisses petition for 50% VVPAT verification

Op India  

The opposition parties and the Rahul Gandhi led Congress, in particular, have been fear-mongering regarding Electronic Voting Machines regularly. The fear-mongering suffered a huge blow today when the Supreme Court refused the opposition party’s plea to order 50% VVPAT verification of voting. The Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi dismissed the review petition filed by 21 …

EVM, VVPATs’ ‘deviant behaviour’: respond to plea, SC tells ECI
5 years, 10 months ago

EVM, VVPATs’ ‘deviant behaviour’: respond to plea, SC tells ECI

The Hindu  

: The Supreme Court on Monday sought a response from the Election Commission of India to a plea to decriminalise the act of reporting “deviant behaviour” manifested in Electronic Voting Machines and Verifiable Voter Paper Audit Trail during polling. A Bench led by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi issued notice to the poll body to explain the requirement for …

High Court notice to Election Commision over PIL seeking to make VVPAT error-free
6 years, 1 month ago

High Court notice to Election Commision over PIL seeking to make VVPAT error-free

India TV News  

The Bombay High Court issued a notice on Friday to the Election Commission of India over a PIL seeking directions to make voter verifiable paper audit trail devices more transparent and error-free. It claims that the VVPAT machines are susceptible to tampering as they depend on human interface at two levels -- while uploading the application software at the manufacturing …

Supreme Court dismisses plea seeking use of ballot paper instead of EVMs for Lok Sabha and state Assembly polls
6 years, 4 months ago

Supreme Court dismisses plea seeking use of ballot paper instead of EVMs for Lok Sabha and state Assembly polls

Firstpost  

A three-judge Supreme Court bench rejected the PIL, which highlighted the vulnerability of EVMs over ballot paper, saying that every system and machine is capable to be used and misused. New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Thursday turned down a petition which sought the Election Commission of India to be directed to hold 2019 Lok Sabha elections as well as …

SC asks Election Commission to consider engineer's plea seeking modifications in VVPAT machines
6 years, 11 months ago

SC asks Election Commission to consider engineer's plea seeking modifications in VVPAT machines

Firstpost  

The Supreme Court on Monday directed the Election Commission of India to consider a representation seeking modification in the voter-verified paper audit trail machines to enable an elector to cancel his vote if it has wrongly been cast in favour of a candidate. New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Monday directed the Election Commission of India to consider a representation …

Congress Petition to Apex Court: Use of VVPAT Machines and CCTV in Gujarat Assembly Elections
7 years, 5 months ago

Congress Petition to Apex Court: Use of VVPAT Machines and CCTV in Gujarat Assembly Elections

Live Law  

A petition has been filed before the Apex Court demanding the use of Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines during the upcoming Assembly elections in Gujarat. The petition seeks clear rules and regulations for the counting of VVPAT paper trails, as well as the deployment of only trained and unbiased officials at polling booths. Additionally, it requests increased visibility …

Petition Filed In SC Demanding VVPAT Machines, CCTV Etc. At Gujarat Assembly Elections [Read Petition]
7 years, 5 months ago

Petition Filed In SC Demanding VVPAT Machines, CCTV Etc. At Gujarat Assembly Elections [Read Petition]

Live Law  

A Petition has been filed before the Apex Court demanding use of Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail machines during the upcoming Assembly elections in Gujarat.The Petition, filed by All India Congress Committee Secretary Prakash Joshi, seeks a direction to the Election Commission of India to frame appropriate rules, regulations and guidelines for the counting of VVPAT. A Petition has been …

SC seeks Centre's response on plea for VVPAT for Gujarat polls
7 years, 10 months ago

SC seeks Centre's response on plea for VVPAT for Gujarat polls

India TV News  

The Supreme Court has sought response of the Centre and the chief election commissioner on a plea filed a Gujarat Patidar leader seeking the use of either ballot paper or electronic voting machines with paper trail for the upcoming Assembly election in the state. The Election Commission should be asked to replace EVMs with ballot paper, or to ensure Voter …

EVM tampering: SC issues notice to Centre and EC on using voting machines with paper trail
7 years, 11 months ago

EVM tampering: SC issues notice to Centre and EC on using voting machines with paper trail

Firstpost  

Despite a Supreme Court Order making EVMs with paper trails mandatory for free and fair elections, the BJP-led central government has issued only Rs 16 lakh for upgrading voting machines against the required Rs 3,000 crore New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Thursday issued notice to the Centre and the Election Commission on a plea by the Bahujan Samaj Party …

SC to hear pleas challenging use of EVMs in polls on 13 April
7 years, 11 months ago

SC to hear pleas challenging use of EVMs in polls on 13 April

Firstpost  

The Supreme Court on Tuesday said it will hear on 13 April the pleas challenging the use of EVMs in elections without equipping the machines with voter-verified paper audit trail. New Delhi: The Supreme Court on Tuesday said it will hear on 13 April the pleas challenging the use of EVMs in elections without equipping the machines with voter-verified paper …

SC To Hear Fresh PIL Questioning EVM [Read Petition]
7 years, 11 months ago

SC To Hear Fresh PIL Questioning EVM [Read Petition]

Live Law  

The Supreme Court on Monday agreed to hear a fresh plea by a former minister from Uttar Pradesh questioning the function of electronic voting machines. The plea will be heard on Thursday.Chief Justice of India JS Khehar's bench has clubbed the matter with another similar plea.Appearing for former minister Ataur Rehman in Akhilesh government, senior advocate P Chidambaram told the. …

SC To Hear Fresh PIL Questioning EVM [Read Petition]
7 years, 11 months ago

SC To Hear Fresh PIL Questioning EVM [Read Petition]

Live Law  

The Supreme Court on Monday agreed to hear a fresh plea by a former minister from Uttar Pradesh questioning the function of electronic voting machines. The plea will be heard on Thursday.Chief Justice of India JS Khehar's bench has clubbed the matter with another similar plea.Appearing for former minister Ataur Rehman in Akhilesh government, senior advocate P Chidambaram told the. …

SC Notice To Election Commission On PIL To Examine EVMs Tampering
8 years ago

SC Notice To Election Commission On PIL To Examine EVMs Tampering

Live Law  

After political controversy over the tampering of Electronic Voting Machine, the Supreme Court issued notice to Election Commission of India on a PIL seeking an order for testing of machines by foreign experts.A bench headed by Chief Justice of India Justice JS Khehar asked ECI to respond to the PIL.Advocate ML Sharma filed the petition saying EVMs which are not …

The VVPAT Ruling: Worth Celebrating?
11 years, 5 months ago

The VVPAT Ruling: Worth Celebrating?

Live Law  

In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court, in the case of Subramanian Swamy vs Election Commission of India, has held that VVPAT is “indispensable for free and fair elections”. In accordance to that, the Supreme Court has directed the ECI to equip Electronic Voting Machines with VVPAT systems to “ensure accuracy of the VVPAT system”. Secondly, as a report of …

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