Plug data gaps: State-level statistical surveys could help
1 month, 1 week ago

Plug data gaps: State-level statistical surveys could help

Live Mint  

India’s ministry of statistics and programme implementation has commenced celebrations to commemorate 75 years of the National Sample Survey Office, India’s premier agency for all-India statistical surveys. The RGI is also responsible for other important data, such as statistics on fertility, mortality and various demographic variables, which are collected as part of the Sample Registration System. In this backdrop, an important development is the Telangana government’s tabling of basic numbers in its assembly from a caste census conducted by the state. While it released only basic community-wise aggregates, it will be useful if the government also releases granular data on not just population estimates, but also socioeconomic characteristics collected as part of this exercise.

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History of this topic

How poll politics is inherent in Telangana, Bengal caste counts
1 week ago

How poll politics is inherent in Telangana, Bengal caste counts

India Today  

India’s social fabric is woven with intricate threads of caste, a reality that has shaped its politics, economics and social dynamics for centuries. In Tamil Nadu, Congress state president K. Selvaperunthagai urged the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam government to conduct a caste survey similar to Telangana’s. In 2023, Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar, then aligned with the anti-BJP bloc, conducted a …

Telangana Caste Survey 2025: Data Transparency, Political Clashes, and the Future of BC Reservations
3 weeks ago

Telangana Caste Survey 2025: Data Transparency, Political Clashes, and the Future of BC Reservations

The Hindu  

Published : Mar 11, 2025 12:52 IST - 13 MINS READ The Telangana government’s landmark caste survey has rekindled a discourse on social justice measures and reservation while simultaneously triggering intense political fights over who truly represents the interests of the backward classes in the State. “The BJP is fundamentally opposed to a caste census, and BRS leaders, including K. …

Caste survey in Telangana to set a national roadmap: CM Revanth Reddy
1 month, 2 weeks ago

Caste survey in Telangana to set a national roadmap: CM Revanth Reddy

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Telangana Chief Minister Revanth Reddy has stated that the state's caste survey will serve as a roadmap for the country in conducting a caste census. Speaking to the media after the meeting, Revanth Reddy emphasised that the caste survey will help shape welfare schemes effectively. "Telangana is setting an example in conducting a comprehensive caste survey and SC categorisation. …

Telangana to conduct second round of caste survey from February 16 to 28: CM
1 month, 2 weeks ago

Telangana to conduct second round of caste survey from February 16 to 28: CM

Hindustan Times  

The Telangana government will conduct a second round of socio-economic, educational, employment, political and caste survey from February 16 to 28, in the wake of criticism from the opposition that the earlier survey was not comprehensive, besides objections raised by some OBC groups and leaders from within the Congress that there were discrepancies in the figures of various castes. State …

KTR welcomes decision to re-conduct caste survey
1 month, 2 weeks ago

KTR welcomes decision to re-conduct caste survey

The Hindu  

HYDERABAD Bharat Rashtra Samithi working president K.T. He also demanded an unconditional apology from Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy to the Backward Class community for the inaccuracies, which caused mental anguish and reduced the BC population count. He stressed that local body elections should only be held after a comprehensive second survey is conducted, and 42% reservation is legally provided …

Most accurate study since Independence: Minister Uttam
Trending News
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Most accurate study since Independence: Minister Uttam

New Indian Express  

HYDERABAD: As questions are being raised over the veracity of the comprehensive door-to-door household survey conducted by the state government, Irrigation and Civil Supplies Minister N Uttam Kumar Reddy delivered a PowerPoint presentation, explaining the process adopted and official machinery deployed to survey the Congress MLAs and MLCs at the State Legislative Assembly on Wednesday. Speaker Gadam Prasad Kumar, Council …

Telangana must act on caste survey finds
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Telangana must act on caste survey finds

New Indian Express  

Telangana’s caste survey has the potential to stir a hornet’s nest. Though the Congress government neither tabled the survey in the assembly nor made its contents public, Chief Minister Revanth Reddy gave a snapshot of the findings. The survey says the backward classes constitute 46.25 percent of the state’s population, scheduled castes 17.43 percent, scheduled tribes 10.45 percent, and other …

Caste Data Will Be Used to Extend Sops: Bhatti
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Caste Data Will Be Used to Extend Sops: Bhatti

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Deputy Chief Minister Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka on Wednesday said the state government will utilise the caste census data for expanding welfare schemes to the needy and in making key policy decisions on welfare schemes and development programmes. Addressing a press conference in the Secretariat, Bhatti said though some people resorted to wrong and motivated campaign to create hurdles and …

Amid a delay in holding Census, vital reports on births and deaths pending since 2020
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Amid a delay in holding Census, vital reports on births and deaths pending since 2020

The Hindu  

With the decadal Census exercise pending since 2021 and unlikely to be conducted this year, at least two other key reports on births and deaths in the country have not been released by the Union Home Ministry for the past five years. Editorial | ​No more delays: On holding the Census According to the 2020 Civil Registration System report, Vital …

Telangana’s Survey of 3.54 crore people: The story so far
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Telangana’s Survey of 3.54 crore people: The story so far

The Hindu  

From November 2024, 3.54 crore people in Telangana were surveyed to determine their Social, Economical, Education, Employment, Political and Caste statuses. The Chief Minister and his Cabinet colleagues said that the caste census was last conducted in 1931 and the general population census had details on Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes but not of Backward Classes. Soon after the Chief Minister …

Telangana assembly adopts caste survey report, CM vows relief
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Telangana assembly adopts caste survey report, CM vows relief

Hindustan Times  

Telangana chief minister A Revanth Reddy on Tuesday asserted that his government was committed to using the finings of the latest caste survey conducted across the state to extend benefits to the backward classes in politics, education and employment. Speaking after presenting the report in the assembly, the chief minister said the caste survey was conducted in the wake of …

Telangana pushes for nationwide socio-economic, caste survey
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Telangana pushes for nationwide socio-economic, caste survey

New Indian Express  

HYDERABAD: The state Legislative Assembly on Tuesday unanimously adopted a resolution calling upon the Union government to follow the Telangana model and conduct a “socio-economic, educational, employment, political and caste survey” to understand the dynamics of various castes. Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy also announced that February 4 would be observed as “Telangana Social Justice Day” as it was on …

Uttam rejects doubts about caste survey
Trending News
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Uttam rejects doubts about caste survey

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Minister Uttam Kumar Reddy dismissed doubts cast on the caste survey by the opposition parties in the Assembly, stating it was a massive exercise done systematically and an inclusive one. Similarly, the Scheduled Tribes population percentage has increased from 9.8 per cent to 10.45 per cent, while the Other Castes population percentage decreased from 21.55 per cent to 15.79 …

Caste census completed in record time, says CM Revanth Reddy
Trending News
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Caste census completed in record time, says CM Revanth Reddy

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy here on Tuesday said the State government has decided to give due respect to Backwards Classes who constituted 56 percent in Telangana. Speaking after tabling “Caste Survey-2024” report in the Assembly, he said the official process for caste census has been completed in a record time and the report was tabled in the Assembly. …

Comprehensive caste survey report presented in Telangana Assembly
Trending News
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Comprehensive caste survey report presented in Telangana Assembly

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Chief Minister Revanth Reddy presented the Telangana's comprehensive caste survey, conducted over 50 days and covering 66.39 lakh houses in villages and 45.15 lakh houses in towns. The state government allocated Rs 160 crore for the survey, which involved enumerators gathering detailed information from each family using an eight-page form. Following the data collection, 76,000 data entry operators worked …

Telangana assembly passes resolution urging centre to conduct nationwide caste survey
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Telangana assembly passes resolution urging centre to conduct nationwide caste survey

India TV News  

In a significant move, the Telangana Assembly on Tuesday unanimously passed a resolution urging the Central government to conduct a nationwide socio-economic, employment, political, and caste survey, following the model set by the state. Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy, who introduced the resolution, emphasized the state government’s commitment to the welfare of backward classes, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other …

Telangana govt to debate caste survey report in House today
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Telangana govt to debate caste survey report in House today

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: All eyes are on the Legislature special session on Tuesday, where the government will table, debate, and approve the reports of the caste census, the dedicated commission on Backward Classes quota in local polls, and the one on sub-categorisation of Scheduled Caste community groups. The state government first wants to use dedicated commission data to enhance reservations for BCs …

BRS doubts authenticity of caste census data citing disparities in BC numbers
1 month, 4 weeks ago

BRS doubts authenticity of caste census data citing disparities in BC numbers

The Hindu  

HYDERABAD The Bharat Rashtra Samithi has expressed doubts over the caste census conducted by the Congress government in Telangana stating that there are disparities in the number of households, total population compared to the data collected as part of 2011 Census and integrated household survey conducted in 2014. Stating that as per 2011 Census data the number of households in …

Telangana completes comprehensive caste survey, to present report in Assembly on Feb 4
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Telangana completes comprehensive caste survey, to present report in Assembly on Feb 4

India TV News  

Hyderabad: In a significant development, the Telangana government said it completed its comprehensive caste survey within a year and is set to present the report before the state Cabinet and Assembly on February 4, State's Irrigation and Civil Supplies Minister, N Uttam Kumar Reddy, said on Sunday. The Cabinet Sub-Committee, chaired by Minister N Uttam Kumar Reddy, formally received the …

Special session of Telangana Assembly on February 4 to discuss caste census
Trending News
1 month, 4 weeks ago

Special session of Telangana Assembly on February 4 to discuss caste census

The Hindu  

The State government has decided to convene a special session of the Legislative Assembly on Tuesday to discuss and adopt the comprehensive report of the Socio, Economic, Education, Employment, Political and caste survey. The survey report will be approved by the State Cabinet which will meet at 10 a.m. on Tuesday morning and this will be followed by the special …

Caste census concludes, final report on February 2
2 months ago

Caste census concludes, final report on February 2

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: The caste census conducted across the state has been successfully completed. Two days after its draft report is submitted to the state government, the final report will be presented to the cabinet sub-committee on February 2. Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy reviewed the progress of the caste census at a meeting with ministers and officials here on Wednesday. It …

Caste survey report to be submitted to cabinet sub-committee by February 2
2 months ago

Caste survey report to be submitted to cabinet sub-committee by February 2

The Hindu  

The first of its kind socio economic, education, employment and caste survey taken up by the State government envisaging enhancement of reservations for backward classes is nearing completion. Officials concerned informed Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy that data entry pertaining to the survey has been completed and the draft report of the survey would be submitted to the government in …

Bihar caste survey fake, nation-wide census needed: Rahul Gandhi at Congress workers' meet
2 months, 2 weeks ago

Bihar caste survey fake, nation-wide census needed: Rahul Gandhi at Congress workers' meet

New Indian Express  

PATNA: Congress MP and leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha Rahul Gandhi on Saturday alleged that the caste-based survey conducted in Bihar was 'fake'. Addressing workers of Congress at the 'Samvidhan Suraksha Sammelan' in the state capital, Rahul said that the Congress would ensure a nation-wide caste census at all costs. "We will ensure caste census even if we …

Data reliability: Lessons from the 75-year-old National Sample Survey
2 months, 3 weeks ago

Data reliability: Lessons from the 75-year-old National Sample Survey

Live Mint  

At an event to commemorate 50 years of the National Sample Survey in 2001, the then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee noted that these surveys had contributed “invaluable raw material" to India’s development plans, even though their contribution was often “unseen and unhonoured." “It is not often recognized that behind every piece of statistical information lies the dedicated work of …

Telangana Completes Massive Caste Census Survey: What It Means for Reservations and Social Justice
3 months, 1 week ago

Telangana Completes Massive Caste Census Survey: What It Means for Reservations and Social Justice

The Hindu  

Published : Dec 20, 2024 18:32 IST - 9 MINS READ Telangana government’s socio-economic caste survey is inching towards completion and is at its data-entry phase. The “mega health check-up” of society, as Telangana Chief Minister Revanth Reddy referred to the caste census, is an electoral guarantee made by the Congress during the 2023 Assembly election. Frontline spoke to government …

Caste data to be tabled in December
4 months ago

Caste data to be tabled in December

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: The state government is preparing to unveil the findings of its ongoing caste census during the upcoming monsoon session of the Legislative Assembly, likely to be held in the second week of December. The Bihar government tabled its findings in the Legislative Assembly in October 2023, leading to legislative action to increase reservations from 50 per cent to 65 …

Caste survey covers over one crore households
4 months, 1 week ago

Caste survey covers over one crore households

New Indian Express  

HYDERABAD: The ongoing caste survey reached one crore household milestone. According to officials, the enumerators have covered 100 per cent of targeted households in Mulugu and Jangaon districts, 99.9 per cent in Nalgonda and Medak, 99 per cent in Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri, Jagtial and Gadwal districts. In Kamareddy district, 98.5 per cent of the survey has been completed and its around 98 …

‘Half-baked’ data, shortage of time hit caste survey in Telangana; officials doubt authenticity
4 months, 2 weeks ago

‘Half-baked’ data, shortage of time hit caste survey in Telangana; officials doubt authenticity

Hindustan Times  

The ongoing comprehensive household caste survey in Telangana aimed for providing socio-economic, educational, employment and political opportunities to the Other Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of the state may as well turn out to be a half-baked study, people familiar with the matter said. The part-1 has questions regarding the persons’ caste, sub-caste, religion, age, …

Counting right: The Hindu Editorial on caste surveys
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Counting right: The Hindu Editorial on caste surveys

The Hindu  

Last week’s launch of a caste survey in Telangana by the Congress government is a step towards fulfilling its 2023 Assembly poll promise. The Union government had also said that it had no proposal to make caste data of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 public. In June, the Patna High Court struck down two Acts in Bihar, envisaging …

Looking through the census prism
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Looking through the census prism

New Indian Express  

Misplaced debate However, some experts say the debate over regional imbalance is completely misplaced. Caste census Since 1951, when the first census of Independent India was conducted, only the number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been counted, not of all castes. Ever since, the Congress-led INDIA bloc intensified the call for a national caste census, though the grand …

Telangana begins first caste-based census since 1931, set to cover over 1.17 crore households
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Telangana begins first caste-based census since 1931, set to cover over 1.17 crore households

Live Mint  

Telangana begins caste-based Survey: The Congress-led government in Telangana has launched the state’s first-ever caste-based survey. Caste Survey: A Historic Step for Telangana Congress leader Jairam Ramesh hailed the start of the caste-based survey, calling it a "historic, revolutionary moment" for the state. Congress Pushes for Nationwide Caste Census Jairam Ramesh further noted that the caste survey in Telangana forms …

Caste census, removing 50% cap on reservations central to vision for country: Congress
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Caste census, removing 50% cap on reservations central to vision for country: Congress

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The Congress on Saturday asserted that a nationwide caste survey and the lifting of the Supreme Court's “arbitrary ceiling” of 50 per cent on reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes are central to its vision for the country. Congress general secretary in-charge, communications, Jairam Ramesh said in a post on X that the party's …

Caste census, removing 50% cap on reservations central to vision for country: Congress
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Caste census, removing 50% cap on reservations central to vision for country: Congress

The Hindu  

The Congress on Saturday asserted that a nationwide caste survey and the lifting of the Supreme Court’s “arbitrary ceiling” of 50% on reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes are central to its vision for the country. Congress general secretary in-charge, communications, Jairam Ramesh said in a post on X that the party's government in Telangana will …

YS Sharmila wants caste survey in Andhra Pradesh, says BJP promised so in 2017
4 months, 3 weeks ago

YS Sharmila wants caste survey in Andhra Pradesh, says BJP promised so in 2017

India Today  

Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee president YS Sharmila emphasised her party’s commitment toward “development of backward classes” and called for a caste census in the state. Sharmila, addressing the issue of caste representation in Andhra Pradesh, urged Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu to carry out a caste-based survey in the state. She also referred to a 2017 promise made by senior …

Telangana begins caste census to assess socio-economic and caste status, with real-time monitoring system
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Telangana begins caste census to assess socio-economic and caste status, with real-time monitoring system

New Indian Express  

HYDERABAD: Caste census, one of the Congress’ pre-poll promises to assess socio-economic, employment, political and caste status of the people, kicked off in the state on Wednesday. The state government has set up a dashboard to monitor the real time progress of the survey modules. The state government has adopted a resolution in the Legislative Assembly to conduct a comprehensive …

Telangana begins caste survey with house listing exercise
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Telangana begins caste survey with house listing exercise

Hindustan Times  

Telangana on Wednesday launched a comprehensive household caste survey to provide socio-economic, educational, employment and political opportunities for the Other Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and weaker sections, becoming the third province in the last two years to embark on the exercise. State backward classes welfare minister Ponnam Prabhakar formally kicked off the survey at the Greater Hyderabad Municipal …

Telangana: Caste census data will be kept confidential, Bhatti assures
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Telangana: Caste census data will be kept confidential, Bhatti assures

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Deputy Chief Minister Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka said that all information gathered from the people for the caste census will be kept confidential. Addressing a press conference here on Wednesday, Vikramarka said that the findings from the caste census would be made public as soon as the survey concludes, in contrast to the Samagra Kutumba survey conducted by the BRS …

Caste survey commences in Telangana on November 6
4 months, 3 weeks ago

Caste survey commences in Telangana on November 6

New Indian Express  

HYDERABAD: The door-to-door survey, which is aimed at assessing the economic, social and caste status of the people, will commence across the state on Wednesday. The leaders of the ruling Congress are of the opinion that Telangana would become a role mode for the entire country and show direction in addressing economic and caste related issues. Stating that it is …

Telangana Government Initiates Comprehensive Caste Census, Sets the Stage for Equity and Representation
4 months, 4 weeks ago

Telangana Government Initiates Comprehensive Caste Census, Sets the Stage for Equity and Representation

India Today  

The Telangana government has launched a comprehensive caste census initiative to gather detailed information about the state's population's social, economic, educational, income, political, and caste characteristics. The goal is to address issues of equity and representation, with the state aiming to set a model for similar efforts nationwide. The census will be overseen by Rudra Santhosh Kumar, the Monitoring In-charge, …

Census Sparks Debate: Need for Precise Data on Other Backward Classes
5 months ago

Census Sparks Debate: Need for Precise Data on Other Backward Classes

New Indian Express  

The 2025 Census in India is facing controversy due to the demand for a caste census. The opposition has launched a campaign for counting the numbers of Other Backward Classes (OBCs), while parties such as Janata Dal and Lok Janshakti Party support the central government's efforts to rectify an alleged imbalance in caste and sub-caste data. The 2025 census gives …

Caste census on cards? Govt plans to include caste column in next census, says report
6 months, 2 weeks ago

Caste census on cards? Govt plans to include caste column in next census, says report

Live Mint  

The government may add a caste column to the upcoming census, India Today reported on Monday, September 16. That is why we have raised the demand for a caste census,” Mint reported on August 25, quoting Rahul Gandhi at the 'Samvidhan Samman Sammelan' in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. “Just as the Constitution guided us towards social justice, a comprehensive socio-economic Caste …

DC Edit | RSS backing caste census spells a problem for BJP
6 months, 4 weeks ago

DC Edit | RSS backing caste census spells a problem for BJP

Deccan Chronicle  

The cautious clearance that the BJP’s ideological mentor, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, has given to the idea of conducting a caste-based census nevertheless puts it in a serious dilemma. Despite consistent opposition to the idea by the BJP, voiced by its senior leaders including Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath, the RSS, after a just-concluded brainstorming session in Kerala, greenlighted …

BJP Faces Dilemma Over RSS-endorsed Caste Census
6 months, 4 weeks ago

BJP Faces Dilemma Over RSS-endorsed Caste Census

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The BJP seems to be caught in a dilemma after the RSS gave a green signal to a nationwide caste census, an issue that is being raised by the Congress time and again. While the BJP is maintaining a stoic silence after the RSS indicated that the caste census “could be carried out for the betterment of the …

Lalu Yadav on caste census: ‘Will hold RSS, BJP by ear, make them do sit-ups’
6 months, 4 weeks ago

Lalu Yadav on caste census: ‘Will hold RSS, BJP by ear, make them do sit-ups’

Hindustan Times  

Rashtriya Janata Dal supremo Lalu Prasad Yadav on Tuesday declared that the opposition would compel the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and its ideological fountainhead, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, to conduct a caste census. Leader of Opposition Tejashwi Yadav holds a mic while RJD Chief Lalu Prasad addresses party workers during 28th foundation of Rashtriya Janata Dal, at the party office …

OPINION | Caste Census: Why did RSS propose?
6 months, 4 weeks ago

OPINION | Caste Census: Why did RSS propose?

India TV News  

Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh, the ideological mentor of Bharatiya Janata Party, on Monday clearly indicated its support to the caste census, but added a rider saying that the census should not be used as ‘a political tool.’ At the end of the three-day Samanwaya Baithak between RSS and its frontline outfits, Sunil Ambekar, prachar pramukh of RSS told a press conference: …

RSS supports caste census but warns against 'political use'
6 months, 4 weeks ago

RSS supports caste census but warns against 'political use'

Hindustan Times  

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh on Monday backed the caste census saying it should be handled with seriousness, not merely for elections or politics. Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Rahul Gandhi has been demanding caste census, claiming that 90 percent of India's population is not a part of the system. Recently, 'Mood of the Nation' survey conducted by CVoter for India …

Nitish strong at Centre, can easily get caste census done: Tejashwi
7 months ago

Nitish strong at Centre, can easily get caste census done: Tejashwi

The Hindu  

The Rashtriya Janata Dal, led by its leader Tejashwi Yadav, staged protests across Bihar demanding a nationwide caste census and inclusion of 65% reservation for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes in Schedule 9 of the Constitution. Mr. Yadav said Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar is playing an important role at the Centre but is not taking …

Telangana BC panel prepares ground for caste survey
9 months, 3 weeks ago

Telangana BC panel prepares ground for caste survey

New Indian Express  

HYDERABAD: As a first step towards conducting a caste census in the state, the BC Commission on Monday held discussions with various stakeholders. A delegation of people’s committee on caste census met the BC Commission chairman Dr Vakulabharanam Krishna Mohan Rao, member-secretary B Bala Maya Devi and members Ch Upendra, Shubhpradh Patel Nooli and K Kishor Goud at the panel’s …

India needs a reliable database to aim its welfare schemes better
11 months ago

India needs a reliable database to aim its welfare schemes better

Live Mint  

Of every rupee spent in the name of the poor, only 15 paise goes to poor households, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi once observed, drawing attention to widespread leakages in India’s welfare programmes. Even critics of Prime Minister Narendra Modi acknowledge his government’s ability to aim welfare spending towards the deserving. Almost all of the Modi government’s flagship welfare schemes …

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