6.5 lakh children to be tested for COVID-19 in Mysuru
3 years, 3 months ago

6.5 lakh children to be tested for COVID-19 in Mysuru

The Hindu  

The Health Department’s “Arogya Nandana”, a new initiative to test all children for COVID-19, has proposed to cover 6.5 lakh children in Mysuru district. The programme was launched to lay emphasis on the health of children aged between 0 and 18 years, including those studying in private schools, who would undergo screening. Parents of children with Moderate Acute Malnutrition and Severe Acute Malnutrition and co-morbidities would get vaccination on priority. With the Department of Women and Child Development supporting the initiative, steps would be taken to supply ration to children.

Children  malnutrition  lakh  65  mysuru  comorbidities  department  health  immunity  covid19  programme  tested  children  initiative  schools  arogya

History of this topic

Addressing malnutrition as a strategic investment in the nation's future
2 months, 4 weeks ago

Addressing malnutrition as a strategic investment in the nation's future

Hindustan Times  

As a three-time elected Member of Parliament, I have had the privilege of witnessing various advancements in our country’s public health policy. The high burden of diseases resulting from malnutrition contributes to escalating health care costs for the government as well as increased out-of-pocket expenditures for individuals. Without independent means of livelihood, and subject to discriminatory social practices within households, …

Childhood immunisation rates show sign of post-pandemic rebound: WHO and Unicef
1 year, 5 months ago

Childhood immunisation rates show sign of post-pandemic rebound: WHO and Unicef

India TV News  

According to a new report by the World Health Organization and Unicef on Tuesday, immunisation services have shown recovery in many countries, including India, after the historic backsliding caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, yet some low-income countries are lagging, However, the report showed that in low-income countries, immunisation coverage still falls short of pre-pandemic levels putting children at grave risk …

India is 1 of 3 countries where confidence in children’s vaccines has increased: UNICEF report
1 year, 8 months ago

India is 1 of 3 countries where confidence in children’s vaccines has increased: UNICEF report

The Hindu  

Only China, India, and Mexico, that is three out of the 55 countries studied for popular perception of the importance of vaccines for children, showed improvement as per data collected by The Vaccine Confidence Project and published by UNICEF on April 20. UNICEF India today released the agency’s global flagship report ‘The State of the World’s Children 2023: For Every …

Experts recommend Covid vax for at-risk under-12 kids
1 year, 11 months ago

Experts recommend Covid vax for at-risk under-12 kids

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: As the Omicron BF7 virus surges, experts have called for approval to vaccinate children under the age of 12 who are more vulnerable to contracting severe Covid. While the infection is usually mild in children, paediatricians state that, similar to comorbidities in adults, many children suffer from certain conditions that make the Covid infection severe for them. Chief paediatrician …

Immunisation coverage lower in children post-Covid: Lancet study
2 years, 2 months ago

Immunisation coverage lower in children post-Covid: Lancet study

Hindustan Times  

The immunisation coverage among Covid-affected children in the country has witnessed a reduction compared to the unaffected ones, a new study has stated. Immunisation coverage lower in children post-Covid: Lancet study The study titled, ‘The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in India: Retrospective analysis of the National Family Health Survey of 2019–2021 data’, …

Over 13.3 lakh precaution doses of Covid vaccines administered to beneficiaries in 18-59 age group
2 years, 5 months ago

Over 13.3 lakh precaution doses of Covid vaccines administered to beneficiaries in 18-59 age group

India TV News  

Over 13.3 lakh precaution doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered to beneficiaries in the age group of 18-59 years till 10 pm on Friday, with a majority of those being free under a special 75-day drive launched by the government. The "COVID Vaccination Amrit Mahotsav" to provide free precaution doses of the vaccines to everyone aged 18 years and above …

Jabs for Kids, Reducing Gap Between Doses for Those Travelling Abroad on Agenda as NTAGI Meets Today
2 years, 7 months ago

Jabs for Kids, Reducing Gap Between Doses for Those Travelling Abroad on Agenda as NTAGI Meets Today

News 18  

As India witnesses a surge in coronavirus cases once again, the Covid-19 working group of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation will meet at noon on Wednesday to discuss reducing the gap between the second dose and the precaution dose for people traveling abroad as well as vaccinations for 5-12 and 6-12 age groups. Last week, India’s drug regulator …

PM Modi tells states: Covid-19 not over yet, give kids jabs swiftly
2 years, 7 months ago

PM Modi tells states: Covid-19 not over yet, give kids jabs swiftly

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi urged all chief ministers on Wednesday to remain alert as “the threat of Covid-19 was not fully over.” During an interaction with the chief ministers on the emerging Covid-19 situation in the country, he also said that the government's priority was to vaccinate all eligible children at the earliest with special campaigns needed in …

Over 3 lakh doses of Covid vaccine given to children aged 12-14 yrs on day 1
2 years, 9 months ago

Over 3 lakh doses of Covid vaccine given to children aged 12-14 yrs on day 1

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: Over 3 lakh children between 12 and 14 years have received their first shot of Covid vaccine taking the total doses administered in the country to over 180.80 crore, according to Union Health Ministry data. The vaccination against COVID-19 in the age group of 12-14 years started on Wednesday with Biological E's intramuscular vaccine Corbevax, two doses of …

The case for vaccinating children against COVID-19
2 years, 10 months ago

The case for vaccinating children against COVID-19

The Hindu  

There is a general misconception that vaccination ought to be reserved against diseases that cause death in large numbers. MIS and diabetes Four to six weeks after COVID-19, irrespective of severity, some among otherwise healthy children develop Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Paediatricians caring for children with the above listed conditions associated with high risk of COVID-19 and its complications, need approval …

UK expands Covid vaccines to at-risk 5 to 11-year-old kids
2 years, 10 months ago

UK expands Covid vaccines to at-risk 5 to 11-year-old kids

India Today  

The UK’s National Health Service on Sunday expanded its Covid-19 vaccination programme to cover vulnerable children aged five to 11 years. NHS England said nearly 500,000 eligible children in England are set to receive their first dose of a Covid vaccine in line with advice set out by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. “We know vaccines give significant …

No evidence to suggest healthy kids, adolescents need Covid booster doses: WHO chief Scientist
2 years, 11 months ago

No evidence to suggest healthy kids, adolescents need Covid booster doses: WHO chief Scientist

India Today  

There is no evidence at present that healthy children and adolescents need booster doses of Covid-19 vaccine, the World Health Organization's chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan said on Tuesday. Speaking at a news briefing, she said that while there seems to be some waning of vaccine immunity over time against the rapidly spreading Omicron variant of the coronavirus, more research needs …

India's surge in Covid-19 infections affecting young children
2 years, 11 months ago

India's surge in Covid-19 infections affecting young children

Hindustan Times  

Priti, who is five and lives in the city of Jaipur, had a fever for four days earlier this month but her parents didn't take her to a hospital. Authorities have reserved more than double the Covid hospital beds for children than recommended by experts out of fear of being underprepared But her condition persisted, resulting in diarrhoea and respiratory …

Kids’ low COVID-19 vaccination rates called a ‘gut punch’
2 years, 11 months ago

Kids’ low COVID-19 vaccination rates called a ‘gut punch’

Associated Press  

Distrust, misinformation and delays because of the holidays and bad weather have combined to produce what authorities say are alarmingly low COVID-19 vaccination rates in U.S. children ages 5 to 11. The low rates are “very disturbing,’’ said Dr. Robert Murphy, executive director for the Institute for Global Health at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. The low vaccination rates …

No Need to Vaccinate Kids Against Covid Right Now, Centre Informed About Decision: NTAGI Member
3 years ago

No Need to Vaccinate Kids Against Covid Right Now, Centre Informed About Decision: NTAGI Member

News 18  

There is no need to vaccinate children against Covid-19 as the data shows no urgency, a member of the Narendra Modi government’s panel on vaccination has told News18.com. The data driving the decision to not vaccinate children on an urgent basis shows no significant mortality among children due to Covid-19. We have registered deaths among children due to cancer, leukaemia …

Need to implement Covid-19 learnings to strengthen routine immunisation
3 years ago

Need to implement Covid-19 learnings to strengthen routine immunisation

Hindustan Times  

India has administered close to 1.3 billion Covid-19 vaccine doses and is steadily marching towards the goal of 100 percent vaccine coverage among its eligible population. While there still many unknowns, the learnings from India’s Covid-19 vaccination campaign can go a long way in strengthening routine immunization programs in low- and middle-income countries. India’s Covid-19 vaccination achievement has been a …

Govt to Decide on Covid Vaccination of Children, Adolescents on 'Scientific Rationale, Supply Situation': Paul
3 years, 2 months ago

Govt to Decide on Covid Vaccination of Children, Adolescents on 'Scientific Rationale, Supply Situation': Paul

News 18  

The government will take a final decision on vaccinating children and adolescents against coronavirus on the basis of overall scientific rationale as well as the supply situation of vaccines available for those below 18 years old, Covid Task Force chief V K Paul said on Sunday. We will take a final decision based on the overall scientific rationale and the …

High levels of maternal and child under nutrition continue to plague India: UNICEF official
3 years, 2 months ago

High levels of maternal and child under nutrition continue to plague India: UNICEF official

The Hindu  

Arjan De Wagt, Head, Nutrition, UNICEF India speaks to The Hindu’s Bindu Shajan Perappadan on how high levels of maternal and child under nutrition continue to plague the country, and the impact COVID-19 has had on the gains India has made in economic and human development in recent decades. Some data has been gathered from telephone surveys, community assessments and …

Vaccinate teachers, children to keep schools safe from Covid-19: WHO
3 years, 3 months ago

Vaccinate teachers, children to keep schools safe from Covid-19: WHO

India TV News  

As millions of children return to school for the new academic session, vaccinating teachers and other school staff against Covid-19 disease can help make schools a safe place against the infectious disease, the World Health Organisation and Unicef said on Monday. Children aged 12 years and above who have underlying medical conditions that put them at greater risk of severe …

State to launch ‘Arogya Nandana’ in a week
3 years, 4 months ago

State to launch ‘Arogya Nandana’ in a week

The Hindu  

With experts cautioning that children are likely to be predominantly affected during the third wave, the Health Department is all set to launch ‘Arogya Nandana’, a new initiative to test all children for COVID-19 in Karnataka. Chief Minister Basvaraj Bommai will launch the programme within a week, Health and Medical Minister K. Sudhakar said here on Tuesday. Addressing presspersons, the …

COVID-19 | Vaccination of children likely to start from August
3 years, 4 months ago

COVID-19 | Vaccination of children likely to start from August

The Hindu  

Vaccination of children against COVID-19 may start as early as August, Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya told a meeting of the BJP parliamentary party on Tuesday. The Minister’s statements are in line with what the government told the Delhi High Court in early July that vaccines for adolescents between the ages of 12-18 would be available soon, as trials were …

Study finds COVID-19 patients with malnutrition at higher risk of death
3 years, 4 months ago

Study finds COVID-19 patients with malnutrition at higher risk of death

Deccan Chronicle  

Washington : According to a new study, adults and children with COVID-19 who have a history of malnutrition may have an increased likelihood of death and the need for mechanical ventilation. Of 520 children with severe COVID-19, 39 had a previous diagnosis of malnutrition, compared to 125 of 7,959 children with mild COVID-19. Children older than five and adults aged …

How Covid Pandemic Has Left Millions of Children Without Routine Vaccines, Study Shows
3 years, 5 months ago

How Covid Pandemic Has Left Millions of Children Without Routine Vaccines, Study Shows

News 18  

Immunisation is key to child survival and is cost effective in protecting their lives. But with the looming threat of Covid-19 pandemic, 23 million children globally missed out routine immunisation last year. According to benefit–risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa, ‘for every one excess COVID-19 death attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infections acquired during routine …

Noida: Health dept told to ensure children too are tested for Covid
3 years, 5 months ago

Noida: Health dept told to ensure children too are tested for Covid

Hindustan Times  

In yet another step towards preparations for the possible third wave of Covid-19, which experts say is likely to affect children more than adults, the Uttar Pradesh health department has directed the Gautam Budh Nagar administration to ensure 15% of the total coronavirus tests being carried out across the district are of children, said officials on Monday. HT Image According …

Children may also be at Covid risk, proper planning needed to protect them: Health Ministry
3 years, 5 months ago

Children may also be at Covid risk, proper planning needed to protect them: Health Ministry

India Today  

The Union Health Ministry on Friday raised concern about the rise in Covid-19 cases in several districts in India and cautioned that children may also be susceptible to the infection. During a press conference on the Covid-19 situation in the country, Health ministry joint secretary Lav Agarwal stressed that proper planning is needed to protect children from contracting the virus. …

Children as victims of the pandemic
3 years, 6 months ago

Children as victims of the pandemic

The Hindu  

The second wave of coronavirusinfection might be showing signs of receding from parts of India, but there are serious concerns that the third wave might affect children. The Supreme Court bench comprising Justices L. Nageswara Rao and Aniruddha Bose heard the submissions in the suo motu case “In Re Contagion of COVID Virus in Children Protection Homes”. PM-CARES scheme On …

Experts Flag Drastic Drop in Routine Immunisation of Kids During Covid-19 Second Wave
3 years, 6 months ago

Experts Flag Drastic Drop in Routine Immunisation of Kids During Covid-19 Second Wave

News 18  

Expressing concern over drastic drop of routine immunisation among children specially during the second wave of COVID-19, healthcare experts have warned that there may be a risk of the children contracting vaccine preventable diseases which may re-emerge as a potential challenge. Healthcare workers have said that many parents are scared to bring their children for routine immunisation against diseases like …

Andhra Pradesh: Rise in Covid-19 cases among children worries govt
3 years, 6 months ago

Andhra Pradesh: Rise in Covid-19 cases among children worries govt

India Today  

Andhra Pradesh, one of the worst-hit states by the Covid-19 pandemic, is witnessing a decline in its positivity rate, but the rise in cases among children has worried the government. While Chief Minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy has directed officials to create awareness among parents on the possible impact of the third wave on children and its intensity, the Andhra …

Due to pandemic, underprivileged children in Delhi unable to get nutrition and health services
3 years, 6 months ago

Due to pandemic, underprivileged children in Delhi unable to get nutrition and health services

India Today  

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic and consecutive lockdowns, underprivileged children in Delhi are unable to access much-needed nutrition and health services. We must remember that schools are not just for learning, but also places where children socialise, develop emotionally and, for some, find a refuge from troubled family life,” said Jatin Mondar, deputy director of programme management at the non-governmental …

Vaccine trial on children: Seven more receive first dose of Covaxin at AIIMS Patna
3 years, 6 months ago

Vaccine trial on children: Seven more receive first dose of Covaxin at AIIMS Patna

India Today  

In view of a possible third wave of coronavirus, the trial of Covid-19 vaccines on children is gaining pace in the country. On Saturday, at least seven children were given the first dose of Covaxin at Patna's All India Institute of Medical Sciences. The vaccine trials on children in the age group of 2 to 18 years began at AIIMS …

Govt asks state/UTs to protect children adversely impacted by Covid, enlists measures
3 years, 6 months ago

Govt asks state/UTs to protect children adversely impacted by Covid, enlists measures

India TV News  

The government has asked states and union territories to ensure care and protection to children who have been adversely impacted by COVID-19 pandemic. Immediate temporary rehabilitation of children through the existing child care facilities supported under Child Protection Services scheme must be ensured. To organise special inspection drives in collaboration with District Magistrates, for assessment of quality care in all …

Over 9,900 kids test Covid positive in Maharashtra's Ahmednagar, officials say figure not alarming
3 years, 6 months ago

Over 9,900 kids test Covid positive in Maharashtra's Ahmednagar, officials say figure not alarming

India Today  

As the second wave of Covid-19 swept across India in May, one district from Maharashtra had a significant statistic to report -- over 9,900 children tested positive for Covid-19 in the state's Ahmednagar district last month. According to District Collector Rajendra Bhosale, 9,928 children tested Covid-19 positive in Ahmednagar in May. READ | Covid-19 in children: Here's how to identify …

Childhood malnutrition in Haiti spikes amid Pandemic: UNICEF
3 years, 6 months ago

Childhood malnutrition in Haiti spikes amid Pandemic: UNICEF

Al Jazeera  

Severe acute childhood malnutrition is set to more than double this year compared with last. Severe acute childhood malnutrition is expected to more than double this year in Haiti as the country struggles with the coronavirus pandemic, a spike in violence, and dwindling resources, according to a report from the United Nation’s children’s fund. More than 86,000 children under the …

COVID and Children: A Nutritionist on What to Eat & What to Avoid for a Robust Immune System
3 years, 6 months ago

COVID and Children: A Nutritionist on What to Eat & What to Avoid for a Robust Immune System

News 18  

Although children are not the face of the pandemic, it is not sparing them either. The COVID-19 pandemic will have a lifelong impact on children through indirect effects, including poor diet, impact on mental health, social isolation, closure of schools and healthcare. Research indicates less likelihood of children being affected due to presence of distinct immune system capable of producing …

Malnourishment in 11% of Karnataka's Kids Worrisome Amid Fear of Third Covid-19 Wave, Say Experts
3 years, 7 months ago

Malnourishment in 11% of Karnataka's Kids Worrisome Amid Fear of Third Covid-19 Wave, Say Experts

News 18  

A recent report by Karnataka’s women and child development department has revealed that 4.5 lakh children accounting for almost 11 percent of the state’s population of children are malnourished and underweight posing worry for India as it fears the onset of a third wave of Covid-19 likely to affect children the most. According to a media report, the number of …

36 Children of Two Orphanages in Tripura Test Positive for Covid-19
3 years, 7 months ago

36 Children of Two Orphanages in Tripura Test Positive for Covid-19

News 18  

Thirty-six girls, aged between 5 and 16 years, in two orphanages in the Tripura state capital have tested positive for COVID-19, a minister said on Monday. Thirty-two children at the Jawaharlal Nehru Girls Home at Narsingarh tested positive for coronavirus while four cases were detected at Ujan Abhoynagar Childrens Home, state Education Minister Ratan Lal Nath said. Later, COVID-19 tests …

In India’s COVID-19 Fight, Letting Pediatrician Vaccinate Adults Can Be a Game Changer
3 years, 8 months ago

In India’s COVID-19 Fight, Letting Pediatrician Vaccinate Adults Can Be a Game Changer

News 18  

On March 11 last year, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Vaccine research has progressed at “pandemic speed”— on January 11 last year, the Chinese authorities shared the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus and on December 11, the first COVID-19 vaccine, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, received Emergency Use Authorization. Ramp up vaccination drive There is no doubt, …

COVID-19 and the risk of intergenerational malnutrition
4 years ago

COVID-19 and the risk of intergenerational malnutrition

Al Jazeera  

The calendar is about to turn the page over to a new year and that new year brings hope for a world currently gripped by a pandemic that has wreaked havoc for months. Third, the health crisis and the related lockdowns have led to reduced access to health and nutrition services and limited health resources have been diverted to front-line …

Discouraging numbers: On National Family Health Survey 2019-20
4 years ago

Discouraging numbers: On National Family Health Survey 2019-20

The Hindu  

With a debilitating death toll and an economic recession, India has had among the worst effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. But an express indication of the possible scale of the crisis can be gleaned from the data from the newly released National Family Health Survey 2019-20 which was conducted before the pandemic and its impact. In indicators related to women’s …

Covid-19 vaccine: When will it be available for children?
4 years ago

Covid-19 vaccine: When will it be available for children?

India Today  

By the end of the year, tens of thousands of adults could be inoculated against Coronavirus, but children would be left waiting till late 2021 as they are not part of these latest vaccines' trial. Under these rigorous separate trials, drug companies will need to examine the long-term safety and health parameters, including number and gap between doses that would …

Need to step up efforts to meet nutrition targets, says NITI Aayog report
4 years, 1 month ago

Need to step up efforts to meet nutrition targets, says NITI Aayog report

The Hindu  

The National Nutrition Mission or the Poshan Abhiyaan — the world’s largest nutrition programme for children and mothers — must be stepped up in order to meet the targets set by the Centre to reduce stunting, wasting, and anaemia by 2022, warns a report by NITI Aayog with only a little over a year left to reach its goals. We …

A Lost Generation: UNICEF Report Reveals COVID-19 Toll on Children's Health and Education
4 years, 1 month ago

A Lost Generation: UNICEF Report Reveals COVID-19 Toll on Children's Health and Education

News 18  

It has been a year since the COVID-19 pandemic began, and while we count the massive death toll and economic losses, what is going unnoticed by most governments across the world is the disruption that this pandemic has caused in the lives of children and young adults. It was released ahead of World Children’s Day and is titled ‘Averting a …

1 in 9 children infected by COVID-19: UNICEF
4 years, 1 month ago

1 in 9 children infected by COVID-19: UNICEF

The Hindu  

Children and adolescents account for 1 in 9 reported COVID-19 infections, according to an analysis by the UNICEF in a report released on Friday. As of November 3, children and adolescents accounted for 11 per cent of the 25.7 million infections reported across 87 countries, the report stated. The future of an entire generation is at risk.” As schools remain …

Covid-19 Threatening India's Gains in Protecting Children Against Pneumonia, Diarrhea: Report
4 years, 1 month ago

Covid-19 Threatening India's Gains in Protecting Children Against Pneumonia, Diarrhea: Report

News 18  

Although India has made significant progress in ensuring that children under five years of age are protected against pneumonia and diarrhea through immunisation, the COVID-19 pandemic threatens these hard-won gains, according to the latest annual Pneumonia and Diarrhoea Progress Report. The report by the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health also stated that …

Covid-19 may undo gains made in child, adolescent well-being
4 years, 1 month ago

Covid-19 may undo gains made in child, adolescent well-being

Live Mint  

Covid-19 has severely threatened the major gains made over the last three decades in women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health and well-being, said the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. The strategy document considered the large inequities in health coverage and outcomes, along with the growing double burden of ill-health, not only for communicable diseases, but also for non-communicable disease, …

Stopping a Covid-19 generation of stunted children essential
4 years, 2 months ago

Stopping a Covid-19 generation of stunted children essential

Hindustan Times  

The take-home rations programme under the Integrated Child Development Scheme was halted for the first three weeks after the lockdown, following which the government and partners swung into action to ensure they reached beneficiaries, which are upwards of 70 million children and 17-19 million women. Under the take-home ration programme, energy-dense micronutrient fortified extruded blended food is given to children …

The Cost of Delaying Vaccination for Children in COVID-19
4 years, 2 months ago

The Cost of Delaying Vaccination for Children in COVID-19

The Quint  

Disruptions are caused by a lack of services offered, a reluctance and fear to leave home even if services are available, transport issues and economic problems among others. According to the WHO report, the regional coverage of the third dose of DTP in South Asia - notably across India, Nepal and Pakistan, “ increased by 12 percentage points over the …

Underprivileged Children, Lactating Mothers Hit Badly Due To Covid-19; PIL Before SC Seeks Formulation Of New Covid Centric Nutrition Strategy [Read Petition]
4 years, 3 months ago

Underprivileged Children, Lactating Mothers Hit Badly Due To Covid-19; PIL Before SC Seeks Formulation Of New Covid Centric Nutrition Strategy [Read Petition]

Live Law  

A public interest litigation has been filed before the Supreme Court of India seeking directions for formulation of a uniform Covid-19 centric nutrition strategy for underprivileged children and lactating mothers who have been badly hit due to closure of schools and Anganwadis and also due to reverse migration. The PIL states- "The closure of government schools and Anganwadis during the …

COVID-19 induced food insecurity will lead to an increase in malnutrition, says UNICEF official
4 years, 4 months ago

COVID-19 induced food insecurity will lead to an increase in malnutrition, says UNICEF official

The Hindu  

Increase in joblessness and poverty due to the pandemic will lead to a rise in hunger as well as malnutrition in the country, cautions UNICEF’s India Chief for Nutrition Arjan De Wagt, adding that the extended lockdown has hit many nutritional services. We know that in March and April many services were affected, but some such as take home ration …

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