North Korea Covid: Why Kim Jong Un is cutting off China
4 years ago

North Korea Covid: Why Kim Jong Un is cutting off China

CNN  

CNN — Kim Jong Un appears to have kicked North Korea’s pandemic prevention plan into overdrive, further tightening the country’s nearly impassible borders, cutting off nearly all trade with China, and even allegedly executing a customs official for failing to handle imported goods appropriately. China is North Korea’s biggest trading partner and effectively the Kim regime’s economic lifeline – the country basically doesn’t import significantly from anywhere else. The new customs figures, if accurate, show that Kim appears to be willing to pare back – or even cut off – trade with China to prevent the virus from entering North Korea, even if it means risking the country’s food and fuel supply. Evans Revere, a former US acting assistant secretary of state for East Asia and the Pacific, believes the latest steps taken by the Kim regime “suggest that an already serious situation – the pandemic – has gotten a lot worse.” Revere said the situation in North Korea is looking particularly dire because of a combination of factors that the pandemic is exacerbating: severe weather, potential crop shortages, the impact of international sanctions, and cutting off trade with China.

China Trade North Korea Country North Beijing Covid Korea North Korean Korean Kim Pyongyang  covid  pandemic  jong  koreas  kim  korean  north  customs  china  cutting  country  trade  korea

History of this topic

North Korea and Russia agree to expand their economic cooperation
1 month ago

North Korea and Russia agree to expand their economic cooperation

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — North Korea and Russia reached a new agreement for expanding economic cooperation following high-level talks in Pyongyang this week, the North’s state media said Thursday, as they continue to align in the face of their confrontations with Washington. Kozlov, who arrived in North Korea on Sunday, met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and his …

North Korea sees a ‘surge’ of Russian jets in its skies
3 months, 2 weeks ago

North Korea sees a ‘surge’ of Russian jets in its skies

The Hindu  

North Korean airspace has seen an “unprecedented surge” of Russian planes in the past year, said a flight data analysis published Tuesday, indicating growing links between Pyongyang and Moscow that have raised Western concern. But the country’s airspace has “roared to life” with some 350 flights, said an analysis by South Korea-based specialist site NK Pro, thanks in part to …

A Chinese official meets North Korean leader Kim in Pyongyang in highest-level talks in years
8 months, 1 week ago

A Chinese official meets North Korean leader Kim in Pyongyang in highest-level talks in years

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy A top ranking official Chinese …

While the World Was Looking Elsewhere, North Korea Became a Bigger Threat
9 months, 4 weeks ago

While the World Was Looking Elsewhere, North Korea Became a Bigger Threat

Live Mint  

SEOUL—In March 2022, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un walked out of a massive hangar wearing a bomber jacket and dark sunglasses. At the 2022 weapons launch, Kim oversaw North Korea’s first full-range intercontinental ballistic missile test in nearly five years. Kim’s nonmilitary options might be exhausted, and his goals likely now extend beyond sanctions relief given the strength of …

North Korea scraps all economic cooperation with South Korea
10 months, 2 weeks ago

North Korea scraps all economic cooperation with South Korea

The Hindu  

North Korea's Supreme People's Assembly has voted to scrap all agreements signed with South Korea on promoting economic cooperation, the North's official KCNA news agency reported on Thursday, February 8, 2024, as the two Koreas' relations continue to deteriorate sharply. The tours to the scenic mountain just north of the eastern border were a symbol of an economic cooperation that …

North Korean, Russian officials discuss economic ties as Seoul raises labour export concerns
1 year ago

North Korean, Russian officials discuss economic ties as Seoul raises labour export concerns

The Hindu  

Senior North Korean economic officials met with the governor of a Russian region along the Pacific coast for discussions on boosting economic cooperation between the countries, North Korean state media said on December 13. The official Korean Central News Agency said North Korean officials led by the country’s External Economic Relations Minister Yun Jong Ho met with the delegation led …

North Korean and Russian officials discuss economic ties as Seoul raises labor export concerns
1 year ago

North Korean and Russian officials discuss economic ties as Seoul raises labor export concerns

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — Senior North Korean economic officials met with the governor of a Russian region along the Pacific coast for discussions on boosting economic cooperation between the countries, North Korean state media said Wednesday. The meeting in Pyongyang, North Korea’s capital, came as concerns have grown in South Korea that the North may be attempting to expand its …

China key to preventing possible Russia, North Korea arms deal, expert says
1 year, 3 months ago

China key to preventing possible Russia, North Korea arms deal, expert says

Al Jazeera  

China is North Korea’s and Russia’s biggest trade partner and has influence that could prevent North Korean munitions being used in Ukraine. China is the key to restraining a potential arms deal between Moscow and Pyongyang, an expert on North Korean military and politics has said as Russian President Vladimir Putin and North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un appear poised …

3 Takeaways From the North Korea-Russia Summit
1 year, 3 months ago

3 Takeaways From the North Korea-Russia Summit

The Diplomat  

On September 13, North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un met and held talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin during a visit to the Vostochny Cosmodrome – a spaceport located in the Amur Oblast in Russia’s Far East region. His delegation included Pak Thae Song, chairman of North Korea’s space science and technology committee, which develops artificial satellites, and Navy …

North Korea approves return of its citizens from abroad after COVID lockdown
1 year, 3 months ago

North Korea approves return of its citizens from abroad after COVID lockdown

Firstpost  

The announcement comes days after an Air Koryo flight from Pyongyang landed in Beijing for the first time since pandemic lockdowns began in 2020 amid a slow reopening of one of the world’s most politically and economically isolated countries North Korea has approved the return of its citizens who were abroad after years of strict border restrictions during the COVID …

In a first since pandemic, North Korean flight lands in Beijing
1 year, 4 months ago

In a first since pandemic, North Korean flight lands in Beijing

Live Mint  

After years of isolation from the world due to COVID pandemic, North Korea is slowly opening its border to the world. There has been no information on who was the in the flight, but it is expected that it would on return carry back North Koreans who had been trapped in China by the years because of border closure, reported …

North Korea’s Kim orders ‘radical change’ in agriculture
1 year, 9 months ago

North Korea’s Kim orders ‘radical change’ in agriculture

Al Jazeera  

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has called for a “radical change” in agricultural production amid concerns over reported food shortages in the isolated country. Kim, the third generation of his family to rule secretive North Korea, made his remarks less than a week after South Korea’s Unification Ministry said its northern neighbour appeared to be facing a “grave” food …

China halts visas for Japan, South Korea in COVID-19 spat
1 year, 11 months ago

China halts visas for Japan, South Korea in COVID-19 spat

Associated Press  

BEIJING — Chinese embassies stopped issuing new visas for South Koreans and Japanese on Tuesday in apparent retaliation for COVID-19 measures recently imposed by those countries on travelers from China. The Seoul notice, posted on the embassy’s WeChat social media account, said the ban would continue until South Korea lifts its “discriminatory entry measures” against China. A South Korean Foreign …

Amid barrage of missile tests, China expresses will to work with North Korea for world peace
2 years ago

Amid barrage of missile tests, China expresses will to work with North Korea for world peace

India Today  

Chinese President Xi Jinping told North Korean leader Kim Jong Un that Beijing was willing to work with Pyongyang for world peace, North Korean state media said Saturday. The message from Xi came days after North Korea fired an intercontinental ballistic missile in one of its most powerful tests yet, declaring it would meet perceived US nuclear threats with nukes …

‘Excessive’: North Korea’s COVID curbs blamed for food crisis
2 years, 1 month ago

‘Excessive’: North Korea’s COVID curbs blamed for food crisis

Al Jazeera  

Pyongyang has substantially ramped up border security since January 2020, according to satellite images. North Korean authorities have imposed “excessive and unnecessary” border measures since January 2020, including upgraded fences, guard posts and patrol roads, an analysis of satellite images by Human Rights Watch shows. HRW said it had spoken to five North Korean defectors involved in smuggling goods in …

North Korea’s economy shrinks for second straight year: BOK
2 years, 4 months ago

North Korea’s economy shrinks for second straight year: BOK

Al Jazeera  

GDP shrinks an estimated 0.1 percent as border closures and lockdowns hinder industrial activity and trade with China. North Korea’s economy shrank for a second straight year in 2021, according to estimates by South Korea’s central bank, as pandemic restrictions and international sanctions deepened the reclusive state’s isolation. The North’s economy shrank an estimated 0.1 percent last year, the Bank …

COVID amid food insecurity: A perfect storm is brewing in N Korea
2 years, 6 months ago

COVID amid food insecurity: A perfect storm is brewing in N Korea

Al Jazeera  

Widespread malnutrition and the absence of a stable health system are exacerbating the impact of COVID-19 in the country. On May 12, North Korea reported the country’s first COVID outbreak, a significant public admission after two and a half years of stringent lockdowns and border closures. Omicron, the variant behind North Korea’s outbreak, is estimated to be asymptomatic in close …

N. Korea moves to soften curbs amid doubts over COVID counts
2 years, 6 months ago

N. Korea moves to soften curbs amid doubts over COVID counts

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and other top officials discussed revising stringent anti-epidemic restrictions during a meeting Sunday, state media reported, as they maintained a widely disputed claim that the country’s first COVID-19 outbreak is slowing. But many outside health experts view most of the reported fever cases as COVID-19, saying North Korean authorities would …

North Korea reports more fevers as Kim claims virus progress
2 years, 7 months ago

North Korea reports more fevers as Kim claims virus progress

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — North Korea said Saturday it found nearly 220,000 more people with feverish symptoms, even as leader Kim Jong Un claimed progress in slowing a largely undiagnosed spread of COVID-19 across his unvaccinated populace and hinted at easing virus restrictions to nurse a decaying economy. The North’s Rodong Sinmun newspaper said farm workers in South Hwanghae province …

News Analysis: New approach, same problem with North Korea: How to deal with Kim Jong Un
2 years, 7 months ago

News Analysis: New approach, same problem with North Korea: How to deal with Kim Jong Un

LA Times  

Then-President Trump shakes hands with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un in the demilitarized zone in 2019. Former President Trump’s relationship with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un featured the former reality-star president at his most theatrical: threats of “fire and fury,” followed by splashy meetings, a trip to the demilitarized border with South Korea and exchanges of “love letters” …

Tea and infomercials: N. Korea fights COVID with few tools
2 years, 7 months ago

Tea and infomercials: N. Korea fights COVID with few tools

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — On a recent nighttime visit to a drugstore, a double-masked Kim Jong Un lamented the slow delivery of medicine. Despite what the North’s propaganda is describing as an all-out effort, the fear is palpable among citizens, according to defectors in South Korea with contacts in the North, and some outside observers worry the outbreak may get …

North Korea fights Covid with traditional medicines
2 years, 7 months ago

North Korea fights Covid with traditional medicines

India TV News  

Highlights North Korean lieutenants have quarantined hundreds of thousands of suspected Covid patients Officilas urged people with mild symptoms to take willow leaf or honeysuckle tea Earlier, North Korea claimed its total Covid19 caseload stood at 168 despite rising fever cases On a recent nighttime visit to a drugstore, a double-masked Kim Jong Un lamented the slow delivery of medicine. …

Explained: Decoding the explosive COVID outbreak in North Korea
2 years, 7 months ago

Explained: Decoding the explosive COVID outbreak in North Korea

The Hindu  

The story so far: After reportedly remaining “COVID-free” since the start of the global pandemic, North Korea last week confirmed its first case. In an immediate response to what North Korea termed was the “state’s most serious emergency”, its leader Kim Jong Un imposed a nationwide lockdown. Saying that the outbreak has pushed North Korea into “great turmoil”, Mr. Kim …

N. Korea’s Kim faces ‘huge dilemma’ on aid as virus surges
2 years, 7 months ago

N. Korea’s Kim faces ‘huge dilemma’ on aid as virus surges

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — During more than a decade as North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong Un has made “self-reliance” his governing lynchpin, shunning international help and striving instead for domestic strategies to fix his battered economy. The North’s apparent underreporting of deaths is meant to defend Kim’s authority as he faces “the first and biggest crisis” of his decade of …

What's going on with North Korea's COVID-19 crisis? What is Kim Jong Un's regime saying about it? Are they telling the truth?
2 years, 7 months ago

What's going on with North Korea's COVID-19 crisis? What is Kim Jong Un's regime saying about it? Are they telling the truth?

ABC  

Until last week, North Korea had claimed to have come through the coronavirus pandemic unscathed. North Korea isn't saying how many of the "fever cases" have been confirmed as the virus. Describing it as a "great upheaval", leader Kim Jong Un ordered the country into lockdown, restricting the travel of people and supplies. Dr Leonid Petrov, a leading expert on …

EXPLAINER: What’s behind North Korea’s COVID-19 admission?
2 years, 7 months ago

EXPLAINER: What’s behind North Korea’s COVID-19 admission?

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — Before acknowledging its first domestic COVID-19 cases, North Korea spent 2 1/2 years rejecting outside offers of vaccines and steadfastly claiming that its superior socialist system was protecting its 26 million people from “a malicious virus” that had killed millions around the world. The World Health Organization says North Korea has reported tests of 64,200 people …

North Korea confirms 1st COVID outbreak, Kim orders lockdown
2 years, 7 months ago

North Korea confirms 1st COVID outbreak, Kim orders lockdown

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — North Korea imposed a nationwide lockdown Thursday to control its first acknowledged COVID-19 outbreak after holding for more than two years to a widely doubted claim of a perfect record keeping out the virus that has spread to nearly every place in the world. The outbreak forced leader Kim Jong Un to wear a mask in …

North Korea Kept Itself In Fortress Against Covid. With '1st' Cases, Will Kim Open 'Castle Doors' to Aid?
2 years, 7 months ago

North Korea Kept Itself In Fortress Against Covid. With '1st' Cases, Will Kim Open 'Castle Doors' to Aid?

News 18  

Despite bringing to its heels many countries since it emerged two years ago, the Covid-19 pandemic ‘failed’ to push North Korea out of its secretiveness. But the Path Ahead Looks Rocky North Korea’s confirmed outbreak comes as China — its close ally and trading partner — battles its biggest outbreak of the pandemic. North Korea in January tentatively reopened railroad …

North Korea reports first-ever Covid case, Kim Jong-un declares national emergency
2 years, 7 months ago

North Korea reports first-ever Covid case, Kim Jong-un declares national emergency

India Today  

After more than two years of holding the record for not reporting a single case of Covid-19, North Korea has confirmed its first-ever case and declared a "severe national emergency". The size of the outbreak wasn’t immediately known, but it could have serious consequences because the country has a poor health care system and its 26 million people are believed …

Kim Jong Un orders North Korea into lockdown after Pyongyang confirms first COVID-19 outbreak
2 years, 7 months ago

Kim Jong Un orders North Korea into lockdown after Pyongyang confirms first COVID-19 outbreak

ABC  

North Korea is being put into a national lockdown, with state media saying the country is facing its "biggest emergency incident" after officially confirming its first COVID-19 outbreak. Key points: Omicron has been detected in the country's capital city Pyongyang Kim Jong Un has ordered that the infection source be "eliminated" North Korea previously claimed a perfect record in keeping …

China halts freight train traffic with North Korea, citing spread of coronavirus
2 years, 7 months ago

China halts freight train traffic with North Korea, citing spread of coronavirus

LA Times  

Visitors walk across the Yalu River Broken Bridge, right, next to the Friendship Bridge connecting China and North Korea in Dandong in northeastern China’s Liaoning province in 2017. China says it halted railroad freight traffic with North Korea as it deals with the spread of the coronavirus in the border town of Dandong. North Korea’s decision to tentatively reopen cross-border …

3 North Koreans Provide a Glimpse of North Korea’s Worsening Economic Situation
2 years, 8 months ago

3 North Koreans Provide a Glimpse of North Korea’s Worsening Economic Situation

The Diplomat  

Locals report increasing starvation deaths and disappearances among their neighbors, but Pyongyang is most concerned with preventing the harsh reality from souring planned celebrations. North Koreans have recently begun facing a worsening economic situation, evidenced by reports that people are starving to death even within the country’s major cities. Recently, Daily NK sought to catch a better glimpse of North …

In S. Korea election, future of foreign policy up for debate
2 years, 9 months ago

In S. Korea election, future of foreign policy up for debate

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — Just how split is South Korea, a nation squeezed for centuries between Northeast Asia’s big powers, on how to deal with its neighbors? Among Seoul’s foreign policy challenges are an intensifying rivalry between its top ally, Washington, and its top trading partner, China; a fast-advancing North Korean nuclear program; and badly strained ties with Japan, the …

After a strict two-year COVID lockdown, North Korea gingerly reopens
2 years, 10 months ago

After a strict two-year COVID lockdown, North Korea gingerly reopens

LA Times  

After spending two years under strict lockdown because of the COVID-19 pandemic, North Korea may finally be opening up — slowly. Even the poorest countries in Africa have received outside aid and vaccines or acquired immunity through infection, but North Korea is the only country in the world without a real plan,” said analyst Lim Soo-ho at Seoul’s Institute of …

North Korea leader Kim Jong Un vows to boost military, maintain virus curbs
2 years, 11 months ago

North Korea leader Kim Jong Un vows to boost military, maintain virus curbs

India Today  

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to further bolster his military capability, maintain draconian anti-virus measures and push hard to improve the economy during a speech at a key political conference this week, state media reported Saturday. KCNA said the plenary meeting set forth “tactical directions” for North Korea’s external relations including with South Korea, but didn’t elaborate. There …

North Korea’s Kim Jong Un warns of ‘very giant struggle’
3 years ago

North Korea’s Kim Jong Un warns of ‘very giant struggle’

Al Jazeera  

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has said the country must be prepared for a “very giant struggle” next year to continue to make progress in areas including defence, agriculture and construction, state media reported on Thursday. Kim said that while the country still faces economic difficulties, the party has had success in pushing to meet policy targets and implementing …

Sustainability and Survival: North Korea’s Struggle With Climate Change
3 years, 1 month ago

Sustainability and Survival: North Korea’s Struggle With Climate Change

The Diplomat  

North Korea is at a crossroads. In the report, North Korea recognizes that “continued natural disasters by flood, drought, typhoon and heat wave have affected severe impacts on the people’s life and health and economic development” while lamenting the country’s exposure in recent years “to negative impacts such as reduction in agricultural production, destruction of agricultural infrastructure, degradation of soil …

As North Korea’s economy flounders, hints of easing isolation
3 years, 1 month ago

As North Korea’s economy flounders, hints of easing isolation

Al Jazeera  

There are tentative signs that the ‘Hermit Kingdom’ may relax borders following a devastating collapse of trade with China. After almost two years of near-total isolation due to what the world now knows is COVID-19, there are signs that Kim Jong Un’s secretive regime may be taking tentative steps toward loosening controls as the country grapples with severe economic deprivation …

Kim Jong Un grapples with the worst crisis in his reign so far: A crippled economy, no COVID-19 vaccines and food shortages
3 years, 5 months ago

Kim Jong Un grapples with the worst crisis in his reign so far: A crippled economy, no COVID-19 vaccines and food shortages

ABC  

As the rest of the world grapples with dangerous new variants, North Korea continues to proudly proclaim it remains COVID-19 free. "North Korea is holding several massive meetings while South Korea restricts gathering to no more than five," she said. Kim appears to be stalling on COVID-19 vaccinations North Korea was supposed to receive 2 million doses of Astra Zeneca …

Reports of people ‘starving’ as N Korea struggles to feed itself
3 years, 5 months ago

Reports of people ‘starving’ as N Korea struggles to feed itself

Al Jazeera  

Seoul, South Korea – United Nations Security Council sanctions, the COVID-19 closure of its border with China, and a 2020 drought followed by typhoon rains are combining to create severe food shortages in North Korea, with concerns growing about widespread malnutrition and a potential repeat of the country’s 1990s famine. “Agriculture everywhere in the world relies on oil … It’s …

Kim Jong admits North Korea running out of food as packet of coffee costs $100
3 years, 6 months ago

Kim Jong admits North Korea running out of food as packet of coffee costs $100

Live Mint  

North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-un has admitted that the country is witnessing a severe food crisis. In a recent meeting, Kim acknowledged the grim situation and said North Korea's food supply is strained and "getting tense", according to a report in CNN. Recently, United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that North Korea is short of approximately 860,000 tons …

NKorean leader calls for meeting to review battered economy
3 years, 6 months ago

NKorean leader calls for meeting to review battered economy

The Independent  

Sign up for the daily Inside Washington email for exclusive US coverage and analysis sent to your inbox Get our free Inside Washington email Get our free Inside Washington email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. But he also said there was a need to correct “deflective matters” and called …

Kim compares North Korea’s economic woes to 1990s famine
3 years, 8 months ago

Kim compares North Korea’s economic woes to 1990s famine

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has called for waging another “arduous march” to fight severe economic difficulties, for the first time comparing them to a 1990s famine that killed hundreds of thousands. Chinese data show North Korea’s trade with China, its biggest trading partner and aid benefactor, shrank by about 80% last year following North …

Kim compares North Korea’s current economic woes to searing 1990s famine
3 years, 8 months ago

Kim compares North Korea’s current economic woes to searing 1990s famine

LA Times  

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has called for waging another “arduous march” to fight his country’s severe economic difficulties, comparing them for the first time to a searing 1990s famine that killed hundreds of thousands of people. North Korea monitoring groups haven’t detected any signs of mass starvation or a humanitarian disaster, but publicly drawing a parallel with the …

Russian diplomats leave North Korea by hand-pushed rail trolley due to Covid-19 restrictions
3 years, 9 months ago

Russian diplomats leave North Korea by hand-pushed rail trolley due to Covid-19 restrictions

CNN  

Seoul, South Korea CNN — Eight employees of Russia’s Embassy in Pyongyang and their families spent more than 34 hours trying to leave North Korea this week, a grueling trip that ended with at least one diplomat pushing his luggage and young children on a railway trolley into Russian territory. North Korea’s borders have been effectively locked down for months …

Kim opens North Korean congress by admitting policy failures
3 years, 11 months ago

Kim opens North Korean congress by admitting policy failures

Associated Press  

SEOUL, South Korea — North Korean leader Kim Jong Un admitted that his economic development plans have failed as he opened the nation’s first full ruling party congress in five years, state media reported Wednesday. Kim, 36, is holding the congress, which is expected to last a few days, amid what may be the toughest challenge of his nine-year rule …

‘Severe test’: As North Korean economy tanks, Kim needs solutions
3 years, 11 months ago

‘Severe test’: As North Korean economy tanks, Kim needs solutions

Al Jazeera  

North Korea’s Kim Jong Un will likely seek fresh impetus for driving growth at a ruling party congress in January after the pandemic added to the pain of sanctions that leave him with a smaller economy than the one he took over nine years ago. “It’s too early for North Korea to take a reading on how the Biden administration …

North Korea executed people, shut capital to guard against coronavirus, economic damage: South Korea agency
4 years ago

North Korea executed people, shut capital to guard against coronavirus, economic damage: South Korea agency

India Today  

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has ordered at least two people executed, banned fishing at sea and locked down the capital, Pyongyang, as part of frantic efforts to guard against the coronavirus and its economic damage, South Korea's spy agency told lawmakers Friday. Kim's government also ordered diplomats overseas to refrain from any acts that could provoke the United …

When China and U.S. spar, it’s South Korea that gets punched
4 years, 1 month ago

When China and U.S. spar, it’s South Korea that gets punched

LA Times  

A few years ago, Kim Kyoung-chul’s once-thriving crab restaurant on a balmy island off the southern coast of South Korea unwittingly became a casualty of escalating tensions between global powers. When Chinese K-pop fans recently expressed outrage at a BTS band member’s comments about U.S. contributions in the Korean War, headlines in South Korea worried it would bring about “a …

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