What scientists find when they find nothing
Say you have a friend who asserts that they can smell water. This is because they want to defy the Standard Model, the best theory physicists have to explain the universe – and today’s null hypothesis. The result prompted suspicion – later confirmed by more data – that dark matter is made of a mysterious species of particles that physicists have neverencountered before. So in 2011, when the OPERA experiment in Italy reported finding neutrinos that seemed to exceed nature’s speed limit, its scientists were up against sound theoretical judgement as well as great empirical weight. The LHC churns out hundreds of papers on not finding evidence for new physics, while underground experiments seeking to trap dark matter particles have, for four decades and counting, only produced increasingly severe null results.
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