Conclude EU-India FTA to counter forces of protectionism and transactionalism, says Portuguese Foreign Minister
3 months, 1 week ago

Conclude EU-India FTA to counter forces of protectionism and transactionalism, says Portuguese Foreign Minister

The Hindu  

An early conclusion of the India-European Union Free Trade Agreement is necessary to “counter” the global trends of protectionism and transactionalism, Portuguese Foreign Minister Paulo Rangel told The Hindu during a four-day visit to India. Mr. Rangel visited India during his first trip to Asia, just days after the European Union concluded talks for an FTA with the South American common market or MERCOSUR, and said that the EU-India talks for a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement or FTA, underway since 2007, which were relaunched in 2022, must be concluded soon as well. When asked about Mr. Goyal’s statement in October this year that the EU-India FTA had only made “marginal” progress despite nine rounds of talks due in part to the EU’s “irrational standards”, Mr. Rangel said that the situation called for “pragmatism” and an agreement to allow concessions on both sides. Apart from India, Portugal colonised Brazil and several countries in Africa, and Mr. Rangel said it had been necessary post-1974 to restart ties with India by acknowledging that “mistakes had been made”, a reference to the atrocities committed by the Portuguese empire, including the Salazar dictatorship of the previous century.

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History of this topic

India-EU FTA will make trade friction-less but deal not simple: Irish minister
5 days, 1 hour ago

India-EU FTA will make trade friction-less but deal not simple: Irish minister

Hindustan Times  

New Delhi: Ireland backs efforts by India and the European Union to finalise a free trade agreement within the year as a deal will make trade “more friction-less” though such pacts are not simple, Irish higher education and innovation minister James Lawless said on Monday. Lawless, who is visiting India with a business delegation as part of Ireland’s practice of …

India’s Trade Liberalisation 2.0: The Risks and Rewards of Modi’s Free Trade Push
1 week ago

India’s Trade Liberalisation 2.0: The Risks and Rewards of Modi’s Free Trade Push

The Hindu  

Published : Mar 15, 2025 17:12 IST - 6 MINS READ The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government seems set to initiate another era of trade liberalisation. After some enthusiasm for such WTO-plus deals, India began to pull back, not least because of the adverse effects of the free trade agreements it had with the ASEAN grouping, Japan, and Korea. Suggesting …

India, E.U. to hold next round of FTA talks from March 10 amid Trump tariff threats
1 week, 6 days ago

India, E.U. to hold next round of FTA talks from March 10 amid Trump tariff threats

The Hindu  

India and the 27-nation European Union bloc will start the tenth round of negotiations for a proposed free trade agreement from Monday in Brussels amid Trump tariff threats, according to an official. According to the think tank Global Trade Research Initiative, key sticking points include agricultural tariffs, especially on dairy and wine import duties, automobile tariffs, and regulatory barriers affecting …

DC Edit | Amid global friction, India must push for trade deals
2 weeks, 5 days ago

DC Edit | Amid global friction, India must push for trade deals

Deccan Chronicle  

The shifting global geopolitics in the wake of the Donald Trump ascension of January 2025 is sending countries scurrying to redefine their approach to a new world order that seems inevitable. Amid all this, India has had to deal with the threat of reciprocal tariffs that could undermine the healthy trade surplus it has been enjoying with one of its …

Why India must tread cautiously on EU free trade agreement
2 weeks, 5 days ago

Why India must tread cautiously on EU free trade agreement

Firstpost  

India might be much better off instead to strike a side-deal with France and Germany, nations that together account for 40 per cent of the bloc’s GDP, thereby securing a more tailored and potentially advantageous arrangement Like ancient Greek envoys treading the rocky slopes of Mount Parnassus—each wary of the other’s hidden dagger—India now faces negotiations with the European Union …

India, EU discuss efforts to accelerate FTA talks
2 weeks, 6 days ago

India, EU discuss efforts to accelerate FTA talks

The Hindu  

With India and the European Union setting the year-end deadline to conclude a free trade agreement, teams from both sides held discussions on Saturday to accelerate efforts towards a balanced and mutually beneficial pact. On February 28, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen agreed to seal a much-awaited free trade deal by this year …

Goyal meets EU team, holds talks on proposed FTA deals
2 weeks, 6 days ago

Goyal meets EU team, holds talks on proposed FTA deals

Hindustan Times  

India is simultaneously engaged in trade negotiations with three developed economies this month, as the country pushes forward with its ambitious global trade agenda, according to officials familiar with the developments. Piyush Goyal Commerce minister Piyush Goyal met with the European Union delegation in Mumbai on Saturday, ahead of his departure to the United States on Sunday, while talks with …

India, EU set year-end FTA deadline
3 weeks ago

India, EU set year-end FTA deadline

New Indian Express  

NEW DELHI: Setting a year-end deadline for their Free Trade Agreement, expanding cooperation in critical technologies, and boosting the India-Europe corridor, India and the European Union outlined an ambitious roadmap for their partnership following the meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, who was accompanied by a high-level delegation on Friday. We have …

India, EU Press The Pedal On Free Trade Agreement As Trump’s Tariffs Intensify
3 weeks, 1 day ago

India, EU Press The Pedal On Free Trade Agreement As Trump’s Tariffs Intensify

ABP News  

Ursula von der Leyen In India: For the first time in past several years, India and the European Union set a deadline to conclude negotiations for readying the decades-old pending free trade agreement between the two sides. According to the Leader’s Statement issued after the meeting, both von der Leyen and Modi “stressed the importance of intensifying cooperation between India …

Modi, Von der Leyen set target for concluding India-EU FTA within 2025
3 weeks, 1 day ago

Modi, Von der Leyen set target for concluding India-EU FTA within 2025

Hindustan Times  

New Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen on Friday threw their weight behind the ambitious goal of finalising an India-EU free trade agreement within the year, against the backdrop of geoeconomic churn due to the trade policies of the Donald Trump administration. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der …

India and EU agree to conclude a long-pending free trade agreement by the end of this year
3 weeks, 1 day ago

India and EU agree to conclude a long-pending free trade agreement by the end of this year

Associated Press  

NEW DELHI — India and the European Union have agreed to finalize a long-pending free trade agreement this year and boost cooperation in trade, technology, connectivity and defense, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the European Commission chief said Friday. Modi said after meeting with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen that the two sides have directed their teams …

‘Agree with PM Modi,’ says EU chief on getting India-EU free trade deal done in 2025
3 weeks, 1 day ago

‘Agree with PM Modi,’ says EU chief on getting India-EU free trade deal done in 2025

Firstpost  

India and the EU are working towards finalising a free trade agreement this year, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced during her visit to New Delhi. India and the European Union aim to conclude talks on a free trade agreement this year, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced in New Delhi on Friday, emphasising that they …

FTA With India To Be Signed This Year, Says Ursula von der Leyen
3 weeks, 1 day ago

FTA With India To Be Signed This Year, Says Ursula von der Leyen

ABP News  

India-EU Ties: The President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen Friday said Europe is ready to take the quantum leap and step-up its cooperation from trade to defence and security with “crucial partners” like India. India is a very important partner and that’s the goal of the visit,” von der Leyen said at an event in New Delhi …

India, EU aim to seal free trade pact by year-end
Trending News
3 weeks, 1 day ago

India, EU aim to seal free trade pact by year-end

India Today  

India and the European Union want to wrap up a free trade deal this year, according to European Commission chief Ursula von der Leyen, reported news agency Reuters. Leyen met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi to finalise a trade and investment deal spanning industries such as batteries, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, clean hydrogen, and defence. During the joint press statement with PM …

Opinion: Three years on - What the world can learn from India-UAE trade agreement
3 weeks, 1 day ago

Opinion: Three years on - What the world can learn from India-UAE trade agreement

India Today  

Free trade agreements, trade deals, investment treaties, and tariff wars have become regular buzzwords in the global political landscape. But even as the air is thick with mistrust and uncertainty, one trade agreement stands out: the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed between India and the UAE. In terms of India’s exports, non-oil exports reached $27.4 billion in FY2023-24, recording an …

EU chief Ursula von der Leyen begins 2-day India visit starting Thursday; trade, tariff likely on agenda
3 weeks, 2 days ago

EU chief Ursula von der Leyen begins 2-day India visit starting Thursday; trade, tariff likely on agenda

Firstpost  

Von der Leyen, to be accompanied by the European Union College of Commissioners, or senior political leaders of the 27-member states of the bloc, will hold extensive talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi to firm up a new strategic agenda to shore up cooperation in several critical areas European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen will begin a two-day trip …

Trump’s Russia-Ukraine policy hangs over EU-India talks
3 weeks, 3 days ago

Trump’s Russia-Ukraine policy hangs over EU-India talks

The Hindu  

Stung by the shifts in U.S. foreign policy, particularly on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the two-day visit by the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and 21 EU Commissioners beginning Thursday will send the message that Europe is shoring up other partners, including India, as much as they focus on the task of resetting EU-India ties. “A new …

FTA negotiations, new strategic agenda in focus for Ursula Von der Leyen’s visit
3 weeks, 4 days ago

FTA negotiations, new strategic agenda in focus for Ursula Von der Leyen’s visit

Hindustan Times  

NEW DELHI: Negotiations between India and the European Union on a trade deal, including tariff and non-tariff barriers, and the creation of a bilateral strategic agenda will be in focus during European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s visit to New Delhi this week. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and 21 members of the EU College of Commissioners, …

India, UK trade talks: What’s the plan amid Trump’s tariff threats?
Trending News
3 weeks, 4 days ago

India, UK trade talks: What’s the plan amid Trump’s tariff threats?

Firstpost  

Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal held talks with UK Trade Secretary Jonathan Reynolds in Delhi for a ‘path-breaking’ free trade agreement and an investment treaty. This comes after an eight-month pause due to general elections in both countries last year and amid tariff threats from US President Donald Trump Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal with UK’s Business and …

India, UK release joint statement on trade deal: What are New Delhi's conditions for the FTA
3 weeks, 4 days ago

India, UK release joint statement on trade deal: What are New Delhi's conditions for the FTA

India TV News  

India, UK release joint statement on trade deal: What are New Delhi's conditions for the FTA India wants the UK to give get greater access to its students and professionals in the UK market. New Delhi also expects UK to provide better market access for several goods at nil customs duty. India-UK trade deal: India and the UK have released …

Trump brandishes tariffs, but India and UK are back talking trade
3 weeks, 4 days ago

Trump brandishes tariffs, but India and UK are back talking trade

Live Mint  

India and the UK returned to free trade negotiations on Monday after a year's gap, offering a glimmer of optimism in a world witnessing a surge in protectionism. "This will be a path-breaking free trade agreement," Goyal said at a press conference with his British counterpart Jonathan Reynolds, adding it could boost merchandise trade with Britain two to three times …

‘A win-win for both nations’: Minister Piyush Goyal hails resumption of India-UK FTA talks
3 weeks, 5 days ago

‘A win-win for both nations’: Minister Piyush Goyal hails resumption of India-UK FTA talks

Live Mint  

Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal on Monday, February 24, said the India-UK Free Trade Agreement talks are a “win-win” situation for both nations, as Delhi resumes its trade deal talks with London. “We are restarting talks for a forward-looking, transparent, and ambitious India-UK Free Trade Agreement that will be a win-win for both nations,” said Minister Piyush …

India, UK to resume FTA talks after one-year gap
3 weeks, 5 days ago

India, UK to resume FTA talks after one-year gap

Hindustan Times  

India and the UK will resume negotiations this week for a free trade agreement after a hiatus of almost a year, with British trade minister Jonathan Reynolds travelling to New Delhi to meet his Indian counterpart Piyush Goyal. “The UK is seeking a new strategic partnership with India, which includes a trade deal, and deeper cooperation in areas such as …

India-UK trade talks to resume soon
1 month ago

India-UK trade talks to resume soon

Live Mint  

New Delhi: India and the UK are set to restart talks for a free trade agreement after nearly a year, with a top British delegation arriving in New Delhi on Sunday. India is likely to soften its demand on workers' mobility considering reservations in the new British government led by prime minister Keir Starmer, two people familiar with the matter …

India, UK to resume 15th round of FTA talks next week; three big roadblocks on the way
1 month ago

India, UK to resume 15th round of FTA talks next week; three big roadblocks on the way

Firstpost  

India and the UK have been working towards a comprehensive trade deal to boost economic cooperation in key sectors such as goods, services, technology and investment. Karan Bilimoria, co-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for India, emphasized that India seeks to address UK skills shortages, particularly in healthcare and IT, through a balanced immigration approach within the FTA framework. India, …

India, EU lay roadmap to strengthen trade and investment
2 months ago

India, EU lay roadmap to strengthen trade and investment

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Commerce and industry minister Piyush Goyal and European commissioner for trade and economic security Maroš Šefčovič discussed mutually beneficial trade and investments, and plan to expedite the free-trade agreement during their first in-person meeting in Brussels on 18-19 January. During the 9th round of talks, India and the EU discussed a 12-point agenda, which included deforestation, electric vehicles, …

India to work with EU on developing modern tech, secure critical raw material supply chain: Piyush Goyal
2 months ago

India to work with EU on developing modern tech, secure critical raw material supply chain: Piyush Goyal

The Hindu  

Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal has said that India would work with the European Union to develop cutting edge technologies and secure critical raw material supply chains to strengthen economic ties. The Commerce and Industry Ministry in a statement on Sunday said that India would build a commercially meaningful, fair and equitable trade agenda with the EU, addressing tariff …

India, EU to boost economic ties through tech, supply chains, and trade talks
2 months ago

India, EU to boost economic ties through tech, supply chains, and trade talks

Firstpost  

The India-EU dialogue comes at a time of significant geopolitical shifts, with both sides seeking to counter economic and supply chain dependencies Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal accused China of using the World Trade Organisation’s policies to its advantage, flooding various economies with goods at low prices which often do not meet quality standards. India and the European …

"Engaged in productive discussions, reviewing bilateral trade ties and progress of India-EU FTA": Piyush Goyal after meeting EU Commissioner
2 months ago

"Engaged in productive discussions, reviewing bilateral trade ties and progress of India-EU FTA": Piyush Goyal after meeting EU Commissioner

Live Mint  

Brussels, January 19 : Piyush Goyal, India's Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, had a productive meeting with Maros Sefcovic, the European Union Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security, in Brussels. The discussion focused on strengthening bilateral trade relations, advancing the India-EU Free Trade Agreement, and progressing the Trade and Technology Council Goyal co-chaired a delegation-level meeting with the European …

Free trade agreements to unlock global markets for India’s auto industry: Piyush Goyal
2 months ago

Free trade agreements to unlock global markets for India’s auto industry: Piyush Goyal

Live Mint  

New Delhi: India’s auto and auto-component industries are set to expand their global reach through the free trade agreements currently under negotiation with the UK, the European Union, and other developed economies, Union commerce and industry minister Piyush Goyal said on Friday. Ongoing FTA negotiations would provide unprecedented access to international markets, bolstering India’s reputation as a global manufacturing hub, …

India, UK Set to Resume FTA Talks in February
2 months, 1 week ago

India, UK Set to Resume FTA Talks in February

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The commerce ministry on Wednesday said that India and the UK are exploring convenient dates to resume the talks for the proposed free trade agreement or FTA in early February. In the ninth round, both sides discussed trade issues covering goods, services, investment and government procurement along with necessary rules such as rules of origin, SPS, and technical …

Upcoming elections in EU member states may delay India-EU free trade agreement talks
2 months, 2 weeks ago

Upcoming elections in EU member states may delay India-EU free trade agreement talks

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Upcoming elections in several European Union member-states, including Germany, Romania and Croatia, are expected to delay India's plans to finalize the free trade agreement with the 27-nation bloc, two people aware of the matter said. Experts caution that political uncertainties within individual member states often slow decision-making at the EU level, as trade talks require consensus among all …

India need not be overly concerned about imports: Commerce Secy.
3 months, 1 week ago

India need not be overly concerned about imports: Commerce Secy.

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The commerce secretary Sunil Barthwal on Thursday said that India should not be overly concerned about imports as long as exports’ share continues to grow and the world needs to avoid protectionism, which creates more trade barriers and hinders movement of goods. “Because if the Indian economy is growing at 7 per cent and if the world is …

India, EU aiming for a mutually beneficial FTA: Piyush Goyal
3 months, 1 week ago

India, EU aiming for a mutually beneficial FTA: Piyush Goyal

Live Mint  

India and the European Union are working towards a balanced, ambitious, comprehensive and mutually beneficial free trade agreement, said the ministry of commerce and industry in a statement on Thursday. The statement said that while discussing the pact with a European Commission delegation, commerce and industry minister Piyush Goyal emphasised the need for political direction to achieve a commercially meaningful …

India, EU gear up for 10th round of FTA negotiations
3 months, 3 weeks ago

India, EU gear up for 10th round of FTA negotiations

Hindustan Times  

Fresh momentum in India-European Union free trade negotiations has emerged against the backdrop of global uncertainties and shifting geopolitical equations after the US presidential elections, as top negotiators from both sides met in Brussels recently to prepare for the 10th round of talks. India, EU gear up for 10th round of FTA negotiations The 27-member European bloc sees India, with …

India seeks to accelerate TEPA implementation during commerce secretary’s visit to Norway
3 months, 3 weeks ago

India seeks to accelerate TEPA implementation during commerce secretary’s visit to Norway

Live Mint  

India has intensified efforts to implement the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Free Trade Association, with commerce secretary Sunil Barthwal embarking on a four-day trip to Norway on 22 November. The visit underscores India's push for broader global trade engagement, as TEPA offers unprecedented opportunities for Indian exports, services, and investments. The agreement, signed in March 2024 …

India-UK trade talks to focus on key tariff barriers and emerging sectors
4 months ago

India-UK trade talks to focus on key tariff barriers and emerging sectors

Live Mint  

The India-UK free trade agreement talks that are set to resume in early 2025 will focus on a range of critical areas including market access, regulatory frameworks, and tariff barriers. A successful FTA would facilitate increased trade across sectors like technology, agriculture, and manufacturing, while also deepening diplomatic ties, said Abhash Kumar, assistant professor of economics at Delhi University. India …

India-UK FTA talks: Both sides seek to bridge gaps to close deal expeditiously
4 months ago

India-UK FTA talks: Both sides seek to bridge gaps to close deal expeditiously

Live Mint  

New Delhi, Nov 20 India and the UK would seek to bridge the differences for expeditious conclusion of the proposed free trade agreement as Britain has announced resuming the negotiations early next year, an official statement said on Wednesday. British Prime Minister Keir Starmer has announced that trade talks with India will relaunch in the new year, following his bilateral …

Department of Commerce welcomes resumption of FTA talks between India, UK
4 months ago

Department of Commerce welcomes resumption of FTA talks between India, UK

Live Mint  

New Delhi, November 20 : The Department of Commerce has welcomed the British Prime Minister Keir Starmer's announcement to resume the Free Trade Agreement talks between India and the UK in early 2025, an official release stated on Wednesday. "Subsequent to the meeting between Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Sir Keir Starmer, …

UK and India revive FTA talks after PMs Keir Starmer and Narendra Modi meet at G20 Summit in Rio, ‘step forward…’
4 months ago

UK and India revive FTA talks after PMs Keir Starmer and Narendra Modi meet at G20 Summit in Rio, ‘step forward…’

Live Mint  

UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has announced that free trade agreement talks with India will restart from 2025, PTI reported. In an official statement from the UK PM's address 10, Downing Street, the country would seek a new strategic partnership with India, including a trade agreement and deep cooperation in areas such as security, education, technology and climate change, the …

India Clarifies FTA Progress, Talks With EU and UK on Track
4 months ago

India Clarifies FTA Progress, Talks With EU and UK on Track

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: Negotiations for all the proposed free trade agreements or FTA, including those with the UK and European Union, are progressing as per the schedule. In the coming weeks, a bilateral meeting is scheduled between the commerce secretary and the Director-General of the European Union to take stock of the negotiations for the proposed trade agreement with the European …

America First, round two: What Trump's trade agenda means for India and the world
4 months, 2 weeks ago

America First, round two: What Trump's trade agenda means for India and the world

India Today  

With Donald Trump’s return to the White House, global trade dynamics face a seismic shift. India’s strategic balance As Trump brings his protectionist trade policies back, India faces pressure to lower trade barriers or risk tariffs on key exports. Why India matters to the US India holds unique significance for the US — first, as a strategic partner in countering …

In India's FTA talks with EU, sustainability a key issue
6 months, 3 weeks ago

In India's FTA talks with EU, sustainability a key issue

Hindustan Times  

New Delhi: The European Union ’s insistence on sustainability measures such as deforestation rules and carbon tax on imports of steel, cement and hydrogen are akin to non-tariff barriers that can impede ongoing free trade negotiations with India, people aware of the development said. The next round of talks for the proposed India-EU free trade agreement is scheduled for September …

UK foreign secretary David Lammy to visit India, FTA to top agenda
8 months ago

UK foreign secretary David Lammy to visit India, FTA to top agenda

Hindustan Times  

As India and the UK prepare for a visit by British foreign secretary David Lammy to New Delhi this week, negotiations for a bilateral trade deal could be prolonged as Britain’s new Labour Party government is expected to reopen certain key issues, people familiar with the matter said. The negotiations for the FTA could be prolonged as the new UK …

India, U.K. to hold next round of talks on proposed trade agreement in July
8 months, 2 weeks ago

India, U.K. to hold next round of talks on proposed trade agreement in July

The Hindu  

With the new government taking charge in Britain, senior officials of India and the U.K. will hold the next round of talks this month for the proposed free trade agreement to resolve the pending issues and close the negotiations, an official said. The Indian industry is demanding greater access for its skilled professionals from sectors like IT and healthcare in …

India, UK to resume negotiations on free trade agreement in next few weeks: Official
8 months, 2 weeks ago

India, UK to resume negotiations on free trade agreement in next few weeks: Official

India TV News  

New Delhi: With the new government taking charge in Britain, senior officials of India and the UK will hold the next round of talks this month for the proposed free trade agreement to resolve the pending issues and close the negotiations, an official told news agency PTI. The Indian industry is demanding greater access for its skilled professionals from sectors …

India, U.K. reaffirm FTA commitment at Strategic Dialogue
10 months ago

India, U.K. reaffirm FTA commitment at Strategic Dialogue

The Hindu  

India and Britain have reaffirmed their commitment to conclude a mutually beneficial free trade agreement at the annual U.K.-India Strategic Dialogue in London, as the two sides reflected the "good progress" on the 2030 Roadmap since the last review. “The two reflected on good progress on the 2030 Roadmap since the last review, noting key areas where the UK and …

India, UK note 'good progress' on 2030 Roadmap, reaffirm FTA commitment
10 months ago

India, UK note 'good progress' on 2030 Roadmap, reaffirm FTA commitment

India TV News  

London: Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra, who was on an official two-day to the United Kingdom, took part in the annual India-UK Strategic Dialogue with his counterpart, Sir Philip Barton, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, where they discussed the "good progress" made in the 2030 Roadmap between the two countries. “The two reflected on good progress on …

Do India’s Free Trade Agreements with European nations benefit the country? | In Focus podcast
11 months, 2 weeks ago

Do India’s Free Trade Agreements with European nations benefit the country? | In Focus podcast

The Hindu  

On March 10th, India signed a free trade agreement with a group of four European nations, committing to reduce tariffs. The balance of trade heavily favours the EFTA, with India importing about $22 billion in 2023 from the bloc, while India exported only about $3 billion to the bloc. But such free trade deals have not largely helped India’s export …

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