Aerosols from Covid-19 infected person can travel in air upto 10 metres: Govt
3 years, 7 months ago

Aerosols from Covid-19 infected person can travel in air upto 10 metres: Govt

Hindustan Times  

The government on Thursday issued a set of guidelines to stop the spread of the coronavirus disease as the country reels under the second wave of the pandemic. Stopping the transmission of the Covid-19 virus from a person to another person will decrease the infection rate of the disease to a level where it can eventually die, according to the government. Throwing light on how well-ventilated spaces can reduce the risk of transmission from one infected person to the other, the guidelines say, "Just as smells can be diluted from the air through opening windows and doors and using exhaust systems, ventilating spaces with improved directional air flow decreases the accumulated viral land in the air, reducing the risk of transmission." "Droplets fall within 2 meters from an infected person and aerosols can be carried in the air up to 10 meters," the government said. "Stopping the transmission of the virus from a person to another person will decrease the infection rate of the disease to a level where it can eventually die.

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History of this topic

Rise In COVID-19 Cases: Doctor’s Suggest How To Take Precautions
1 year, 8 months ago

Rise In COVID-19 Cases: Doctor’s Suggest How To Take Precautions

News 18  

As the world continues to grapple with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, experts are warning of a potential resurgence of the virus. Dr Sonia Rawat, Director of the Preventive Health and Wellness Department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, says that these days the cases of Covid-19 infections are increasing rapidly and the cases are expected to increase in the next …

‘Indoor ventilation’ can reduce Covid-19 transmission: Study
2 years, 1 month ago

‘Indoor ventilation’ can reduce Covid-19 transmission: Study

Live Mint  

A new study has revealed that effective indoor ventilation is required to prevent the spread of Covid-19 transmission. MIT researchers have recently discovered that indoor relative humidity may also affect the virus' ability to spread. The MIT research team reported that around 40% to 60% of indoor relative humidity is associated with relatively lower rates of Covid-19 infections and deaths, …

Aerosol study shows how SARS-CoV-2 spreads
2 years, 5 months ago

Aerosol study shows how SARS-CoV-2 spreads

The Hindu  

The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the air has been studied at various places around the world. “Having separate COVID-19 wards and negative pressure rooms are good, because infection does not spread very far,” says Dr. Rakesh Mishra, Director, Tata institute for Genetics and Society, Bengaluru, who led the study. The group detected the virus when they sampled the air in …

Can We Stop Another Covid Wave? The Answer Lies in Masking, Vax, Disease Modelling
2 years, 6 months ago

Can We Stop Another Covid Wave? The Answer Lies in Masking, Vax, Disease Modelling

News 18  

Covid-19 cases are showing a steady increase since the start of June. Masking, Social Distancing and Ventilation Masking even with an inexpensive cloth mask is proven to be quite effective for prevention of Covid-19. For places where due to prior building restrictions or other reasons increasing outdoor ventilation is not possible, the Wold Health Organization recommends portable standalone air filtration …

Coronavirus is airborne, confirms study
2 years, 7 months ago

Coronavirus is airborne, confirms study

Deccan Chronicle  

HYDERABAD: Novel Coronavirus is airborne and you could contract it just by breathing infected air, even when you maintain social distancing, confirms a new study. They found that the virus could be frequently detected in air around Covid patients. We found that the positivity rate of finding the virus in air was 75 per cent when two or more Covid …

More evidence of airborne spread of COVID: study
2 years, 7 months ago

More evidence of airborne spread of COVID: study

The Hindu  

The SARS-CoV-2, which was earlier thought to spread through touching infected surfaces, has been found to be spreading airborne and more evidence is coming up in this regard, with epidemiologists also finding that countries that used masks were affected less severely by the pandemic. Scientists analysed the coronavirus’ genome content from air samples collected from different areas occupied by COVID …

Two years of COVID: The battle to accept airborne transmission
2 years, 9 months ago

Two years of COVID: The battle to accept airborne transmission

Al Jazeera  

In the early days of the pandemic, did health authorities get it wrong on airborne transmission? There has been this resistance from people in medical fields, agrees Prather, who says, “They’ve sort of dismissed our opinions.” One of the reasons for that has been the call from certain scientists in the medical field for randomised controlled trials, considered a gold …

Coronavirus loses ability to infect within 20 min in air, first five minutes most dangerous: Study
2 years, 11 months ago

Coronavirus loses ability to infect within 20 min in air, first five minutes most dangerous: Study

India Today  

The SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the coronavirus pandemic, loses its capability to infect within 20 minutes of becoming airborne. However, it's the first five minutes that does all the damage, according to a new study that mapped the time a virus survives in exhaled air. "A decrease in infectivity to 10 per cent of the starting value was observable for SARS-CoV-2 …

Coronavirus Becomes 90% Less Infectious Within 20 Minutes of Being Airborne, Reveals UK Study
2 years, 11 months ago

Coronavirus Becomes 90% Less Infectious Within 20 Minutes of Being Airborne, Reveals UK Study

News 18  

A groundbreaking new study that attempts to find how the deadly coronavirus survives in exhaled air has revealed that the virus becomes 90 per cent less infectious within 20 minutes of becoming airborne therefore losing most of its ability to infect after the first five minutes. While conducting the study, the researchers developed an apparatus to generate virus-containing particles and …

Airborne transmission of Covid-19 random, social distancing alone not enough to control spread: Study
3 years, 1 month ago

Airborne transmission of Covid-19 random, social distancing alone not enough to control spread: Study

India Today  

A new study has shown that the airborne transmission of Covid-19 is highly random and suggests that social distancing alone is not effective in controlling its spread, reiterating the importance of vaccination and face masks. READ: Covaxin shows 50% effectiveness against symptomatic Covid-19, says Lancet study “One part of the way that this disease spreads is virology: how much virus …

COVID-19: When is the infection risk high?
3 years, 1 month ago

COVID-19: When is the infection risk high?

The Hindu  

There are some COVID rules we have all learned by now — or so we think. Infection risk depends on a number of factors One main transmission pathway is the spread of coronavirus particles through aerosols and droplets. The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry has a calculator that lets you adjust a number of parameters to determine the COVID risk …

Coronavirus FAQ: It's cold and flu season — and COVID season! How do I stay unsick?
3 years, 1 month ago

Coronavirus FAQ: It's cold and flu season — and COVID season! How do I stay unsick?

NPR  

Coronavirus FAQ: It's cold and flu season — and COVID season! It's certainly true that the flu did not spread much last year: Just.2% of respiratory specimens from clinical labs and public health departments participating in national disease surveillance tested positive for flu during the 2020-2021 season, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, compared to between 26.2% …

Study shows Covid variants getting better at travelling through air
3 years, 2 months ago

Study shows Covid variants getting better at travelling through air

Hindustan Times  

A study conducted by researchers of the University of Maryland shows that the SARS-CoV-2, responsible for causing Covid-19, is becoming better at becoming airborne with the emergence of new variants. A lone passenger wearing a protective face mask walks from a deserted train platform at Flinders Street during morning commute hours on the first day of a lockdown as the …

Covid-19 virus evolving to get better at becoming airborne: Report
3 years, 3 months ago

Covid-19 virus evolving to get better at becoming airborne: Report

India Today  

The variants of SARS-CoV-2 are getting better at travelling through the air, and people must wear tight-fitting masks and ensure better ventilation, in addition to getting vaccinated, to help stop spread of the virus that causes Covid-19, according to a study. The study, published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, also found that loose-fitting cloth and surgical masks reduced the …

Covid: How to sanitise and stay safe while flying
3 years, 3 months ago

Covid: How to sanitise and stay safe while flying

The Independent  

Sign up to Simon Calder’s free travel email for expert advice and money-saving discounts Get Simon Calder’s Travel email Get Simon Calder’s Travel email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. The new peer-reviewed study published in September used data from nearly 10,000 air travellers on Delta’s Covid-tested flight corridors between …

Little risk of picking up coronavirus on a plane: NLR
3 years, 6 months ago

Little risk of picking up coronavirus on a plane: NLR

Dutch News  

Sitting in a plane fewer than four rows away from with someone who is infected with coronavirus will result in only a very minor chance of infection, according to research by the Dutch aerospace institute NLR and public health body RIVM for the transport ministry. At between one in 160 and one in 1800 cases, the risk of catching the …

Coronavirus more likely to spread indoors through maskless interaction: Study
3 years, 6 months ago

Coronavirus more likely to spread indoors through maskless interaction: Study

Deccan Chronicle  

Washington: Speaking in indoor spaces without wearing a mask poses the greatest risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to others, a study has found. The research, published in the Journal of Internal Medicine on Tuesday, describes how different sized respiratory droplets emitted while speaking have a range of sizes, and can carry different amounts of virus. "When …

Coronavirus more likely to spread indoors through maskless interaction: Study
3 years, 6 months ago

Coronavirus more likely to spread indoors through maskless interaction: Study

India TV News  

Speaking in indoor spaces without wearing a mask poses the greatest risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to others, a study has found. The research, published in the Journal of Internal Medicine on Tuesday, describes how different sized respiratory droplets emitted while speaking have a range of sizes, and can carry different amounts of virus. "When the …

Decoded: How COVID-19 aerosols travel through our lungs
3 years, 6 months ago

Decoded: How COVID-19 aerosols travel through our lungs

India TV News  

When we inhale isolated Coronavirus particles, more than 65 per cent reach the deepest region of our lungs where damage to cells can lead to low blood oxygen levels, new research has discovered. While previous research has revealed how virus aerosols travel through the upper airways including the nose, mouth and throat, the study published in the journal Physics of …

Covid Airborne, Spreads When Infected People Cough, Sneeze or Talk: Centre Revises Guidelines
3 years, 6 months ago

Covid Airborne, Spreads When Infected People Cough, Sneeze or Talk: Centre Revises Guidelines

News 18  

Revising its Covid-19 clinical management guidelines, the Union Health Ministry on Wednesday said that the virus spreads “predominantly through the airborne route and droplet released when the infected person coughs, sneezes or talks”. Infection can also occur if a person touches an infected surface and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth.,” the Health Ministry’s National Clinical Management …

Office, House, Or Bus: Just Make Sure Windows Are Open To Beat Covid-19. And, Yes, Wear A Mask
3 years, 7 months ago

Office, House, Or Bus: Just Make Sure Windows Are Open To Beat Covid-19. And, Yes, Wear A Mask

News 18  

At a time when the lengths that humanity is going to throw the novel coronavirus out of our lives seems to be matched only by the strides that the virus itself is making with trickier variants and deadlier surges, new guidelines issued by authorities point to the need for guarding more strictly against how the virus seems to be spreading. …

How and Why Face Masks are Effective in Limiting the Spread of Covid-19
3 years, 7 months ago

How and Why Face Masks are Effective in Limiting the Spread of Covid-19

News 18  

Researchers have found under which conditions and in which ways, masks actually reduce individual and population-average risks of being infected with Covid-19 and help mitigate the coronavirus pandemic. The study, led by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Germany’s Mainz, showed that in most environments and situations, even simple surgical masks effectively reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 …

6 feet or 10 metres: What experts say about safe distance to keep Covid at bay
3 years, 7 months ago

6 feet or 10 metres: What experts say about safe distance to keep Covid at bay

Hindustan Times  

The recent Covid-19 guideline issued by the principal scientific adviser to the government has said that aerosols from a Covid-19 infected person can travel in the air up to 10 metres, which is around 32 feet, while in its earlier guidelines, the health ministry has advised maintaining 'do gaj ki duri', which is around six feet. Dr Ved Chaturvedi of …

Aerosols can travel 10 metres, ventilation can cut transmission risk: Govt's new Covid guidelines
3 years, 7 months ago

Aerosols can travel 10 metres, ventilation can cut transmission risk: Govt's new Covid guidelines

India TV News  

The Centre has issued new guidelines to stop the spread of Covid-19 amid a gloomy situation. The new advisory, which has been issued by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Centre, K Vijay Raghavan, said that apart from physical distancing and the use of masks, ventilation can decrease the risk of transmission. Measures to improve ventilation in …

Aerosols carrying Covid-19 virus can travel in air up to 10 meters: Centre
3 years, 7 months ago

Aerosols carrying Covid-19 virus can travel in air up to 10 meters: Centre

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: Cautioning people to maintain social distance to prevent the transmission of the Covid-19 virus, the office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India on Thursday said that aerosols, one of the key transmission mode of the SARS-CoV-2, can travel in the air up to 10 meters. "Aerosols and droplets are key transmission mode of the …

Covid is airborne, scientists say. Now authorities think so too
3 years, 7 months ago

Covid is airborne, scientists say. Now authorities think so too

Live Mint  

A quiet revolution has permeated global health circles. A “paradigm shift is needed on the scale that occurred when Chadwick’s Sanitary Report in 1842 led the British government to encourage cities to organize clean water supplies and centralized sewage systems,” they wrote. “Professor Morawska’s contribution, on the background of world-leading expertise in aerosol science, made a real impact by forcing …

Scientists call for more focus on ventilation in stopping Covid
3 years, 7 months ago

Scientists call for more focus on ventilation in stopping Covid

Dutch News  

A group of 39 scientists from all over the world, including the Netherlands, are calling on governments to pay more attention to the role of good ventilation in the battle against coronavirus. In an article in leading academic journal Science, they suggest that good ventilation can prevent coronavirus being spread by aerosols, or tiny droplets which hang in the air. …

Scientists call for more focus on ventilation in stopping Covid
3 years, 7 months ago

Scientists call for more focus on ventilation in stopping Covid

Dutch News  

A group of 39 scientists from all over the world, including the Netherlands, are calling on governments to pay more attention to the role of good ventilation in the battle against coronavirus. In an article in leading academic journal Science, they suggest that good ventilation can prevent coronavirus being spread by aerosols, or tiny droplets which hang in the air. …

COVID-19 infection is transmitted via air, says US CDC
3 years, 7 months ago

COVID-19 infection is transmitted via air, says US CDC

India TV News  

Exposure to respiratory fluids -- very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particles -- present in air and which carry viruses are the main reason for contracting Covid-19 infection, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. These droplets carry viruses and transmit infection, said the agency's latest science brief as part of its public guidelines on Covid-19. Exposure to …

Scientists are finding more proof for role aerosols in Covid spread
3 years, 7 months ago

Scientists are finding more proof for role aerosols in Covid spread

Dutch News  

Scientists at Amsterdam, Twente and Cambridge universities are finding more evidence about the role aerosols may play in the spread of coronavirus and are calling for better ventilation in homes, television show Nieuwsuur has reported. More analytical models are showing that aerosols play a role although there is no rock solid proof yet, Daniel Bonn told the programme. Apart from …

Scientists are finding more proof for role aerosols in Covid spread
3 years, 7 months ago

Scientists are finding more proof for role aerosols in Covid spread

Dutch News  

Scientists at Amsterdam, Twente and Cambridge universities are finding more evidence about the role aerosols may play in the spread of coronavirus and are calling for better ventilation in homes, television show Nieuwsuur has reported. More analytical models are showing that aerosols play a role although there is no rock solid proof yet, Daniel Bonn told the programme. Apart from …

Risk of COVID-19 indoors is the same at 6 feet and 60 feet apart even when wearing a mask
3 years, 8 months ago

Risk of COVID-19 indoors is the same at 6 feet and 60 feet apart even when wearing a mask

Daily Mail  

Professors Martin Bazant and John Bush from the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology say the 'six foot rule' that encourages people to socially distance in public has no solid basis in science. Bazant and Bush developed a model to calculate indoor exposure risk based on time spent inside, air filtration and circulation, immunizations, respiratory activity, variants and mask use. The …

Coronavirus is airborne. Experts give 10 reasons in support
3 years, 8 months ago

Coronavirus is airborne. Experts give 10 reasons in support

Hindustan Times  

SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes the coronavirus disease, is predominantly transmitted through the air, according to a new study published in The Lancet journal. The experts pointed out that superspreading events account for substantial SARS-CoV-2 transmission, saying “such events may be the pandemic's primary drivers.” “Detailed analyses of human behaviours and interactions, room sizes, ventilation, and other variables in choir …

Virus infections predominantly by air: Lancet
3 years, 8 months ago

Virus infections predominantly by air: Lancet

Deccan Chronicle  

Hyderabad: Making the worst fears about how Covid-19 spreads and how the disease-causing SARS-CoV-2 travels from one person to another, a study published by Lancet, the venerated medical journal, has said that the virus spreads “predominantly by the airborne route.” In their study, published by Lancet on April 15, researchers from the US, Canada and the United Kingdom, said there …

Keeping Your Windows Open Could Help Curb the Spread of Covid-19, Say Experts
3 years, 8 months ago

Keeping Your Windows Open Could Help Curb the Spread of Covid-19, Say Experts

News 18  

Opening windows and ventilating spaces should be at the heart of efforts to prevent the spread of Covid-19, a group of experts said Thursday, arguing that confusion over airborne transmission meant this simple measure was being overlooked. The virus is most likely to spread through inhalation at close range rather than through contact with surfaces or at long range, said …

Adopting COVID-19 appropriate behaviour best way to stop transmission of coronavirus, its variants: WHO
3 years, 8 months ago

Adopting COVID-19 appropriate behaviour best way to stop transmission of coronavirus, its variants: WHO

The Hindu  

Adoption of COVID-19 appropriate behaviour is the best way to stop transmission of the virus and its variants, Dr. Poonam Khetrapal Singh, Regional Director, World Health Organization South-East Asia Region, said in New Delhi as she underlined that efforts to test, trace, isolate, and treat need to be scaled up. Speaking to PTI, Ms. Singh said stringent implementation of public …

Catching COVID-19 from surfaces is very unlikely, maybe we should ease up on the constant disinfecting
3 years, 9 months ago

Catching COVID-19 from surfaces is very unlikely, maybe we should ease up on the constant disinfecting

Firstpost  

This isn’t to say surface transmission isn’t possible and that we should disregard it completely but, we should acknowledge the threat is relatively small. The key question isn’t whether surface transmission is possible, or whether it can occur in the real world — it almost certainly can. The virus that causes COVID-19 can survive on banknotes, glass and stainless steel …

New playbook for Covid-19 protection emerges after year of study, missteps
3 years, 10 months ago

New playbook for Covid-19 protection emerges after year of study, missteps

Live Mint  

Scientists are settling on a road map that can help critical sectors of the economy safely conduct business, from meatpacking plants to financial services, despite the pandemic’s continued spread. “We have to still deal with ‘the right now.’ We’ve zeroed in on this set of controls that we know work," said Joseph Allen, director of the Healthy Buildings Program at …

Coronavirus spread at Brisbane's Hotel Grand Chancellor 'most likely' from airborne transmission, experts warn
3 years, 11 months ago

Coronavirus spread at Brisbane's Hotel Grand Chancellor 'most likely' from airborne transmission, experts warn

ABC  

A dozen doctors have written to the Queensland Government warning that airborne disease specialists need to be employed to investigate whether there was any airborne transmission of the UK strain of coronavirus at Brisbane's Hotel Grand Chancellor. "There's an ongoing concern amongst a lot of health professionals that the Government isn't acting on the possibility of aerosol transmission of COVID-19," …

Masks not enough to stop Covid-19’s spread without social distancing: Study
4 years ago

Masks not enough to stop Covid-19’s spread without social distancing: Study

Hindustan Times  

Simply wearing a mask may not be enough to prevent the spread of COVID-19 without social distancing, suggest the findings of a new study. In Physics of Fluids by AIP Publishing, researchers tested how five different types of mask materials impacted the spread of droplets that carry the coronavirus when we cough or sneeze. “Without a face mask, it is …

Scientists develop method to measure COVID-19 aerosol spread risk using hand-held device
4 years ago

Scientists develop method to measure COVID-19 aerosol spread risk using hand-held device

India TV News  

Scientists have developed a method to measure aerosol concentrations and persistence in public spaces using commercial hand-held particle counters, an advance that may help determine the impacts of COVID-19 risk-reducing measures, like ventilation improvements. According to the researchers, including those from the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, the key challenge with using hand-held particle counters is dealing with the …

Researchers develop method to measure coronavirus aerosol spread risk using hand-held device: Study
4 years ago

Researchers develop method to measure coronavirus aerosol spread risk using hand-held device: Study

India Today  

In an advance that may help determine the impacts of Covid-19 risk-reducing measures, scientists have developed a way to measure aerosol concentrations and persistence in public spaces, a study has found. In a study published in the journal Physics of Fluids, the researchers developed a method to measure aerosol concentrations in public spaces using commercial hand-held particle counters. According to …

Covid Traveling: Mask to Sanitiser, How to Commute Safely with Co-passengers during Pandemic
4 years ago

Covid Traveling: Mask to Sanitiser, How to Commute Safely with Co-passengers during Pandemic

News 18  

Commuting is crawling its way back to normalcy after the intensive lockdown in India. Q: Is wearing rubber gloves while out in the public effective in preventing the new coronavirus infection?👉🏽https://t.co/94zZioMvuA… #KnowtheFacts #COVID19 pic.twitter.com/ifrQ8w4jE5 — World Health Organization March 12, 2020 Sanitise The driver and the passengers must keep a bottle of sprayable sanitisers to disinfect the air inside the …

Design of Face Masks Crucial in Breaking the Chain of Coronavirus. Here's Why
4 years ago

Design of Face Masks Crucial in Breaking the Chain of Coronavirus. Here's Why

News 18  

Researchers, including one from Indian-origin, stressed that materials, design and length of face masks are important to help slow the spread of Covid-19. “The results suggest that the consistent use of efficient face masks, such as surgical masks, could lead to the eradication of the pandemic if at least 70 per cent of the residents use such masks in public …

Design of masks important to slow Covid spread: Study
4 years ago

Design of masks important to slow Covid spread: Study

India TV News  

Researchers, including one from Indian-origin, stressed that materials, design and length of face masks are important to help slow the spread of Covid-19. "The results suggest that the consistent use of efficient face masks, such as surgical masks, could lead to the eradication of the pandemic if at least 70 per cent of the residents use such masks in public …

Covid-19 pandemic: Ventilate, open windows to cut risk, advises UK government
4 years, 1 month ago

Covid-19 pandemic: Ventilate, open windows to cut risk, advises UK government

Hindustan Times  

The Boris Johnson government on Wednesday released a new film based on research that shows ventilation and letting in fresh air into indoor spaces can reduce risk of infection from the coronavirus by over 70%. The film produced with scientists at Leeds University illustrates how coronavirus lingers in the air in spaces with no fresh air, increasing the risk of …

Covid-19 Spread Easier in Indoors, Winter Perfect Set-up for Contagion: Dr Vivek Murthy
4 years, 1 month ago

Covid-19 Spread Easier in Indoors, Winter Perfect Set-up for Contagion: Dr Vivek Murthy

News 18  

It is easier for coronavirus to spread indoors than outdoors as people stay inside their homes during winter which is a perfect set-up for the contagion, according to Dr Vivek Murthy, the top Indian-American advisor to President-elect Joe Biden on COVID-19. The 43-year-old former US surgeon general, who co-chairs the COVID-19 advisory board of Biden, told Fox News on Sunday …

Covid-19 Risk in Airplanes, Restaurants, Grocery Stores Cannot Be Easily Compared: Scientists
4 years, 1 month ago

Covid-19 Risk in Airplanes, Restaurants, Grocery Stores Cannot Be Easily Compared: Scientists

News 18  

While a recent study has claimed that dining out, and grocery shopping could be more dangerous than air travel during the COVID-19 pandemic, partly due to special ventilation systems in airplanes, some scientists say such a comparison cannot be made without knowing if mask-wearing and social distancing norms are properly followed in each of these scenarios. In the research, funded …

How Does COVID-19 Spread Differently Than The Flu?
4 years, 1 month ago

How Does COVID-19 Spread Differently Than The Flu?

Huff Post  

damircudic via Getty Images Each year, scientists look to the Southern Hemisphere to get a clue as to how flu season up north might play out. Heidi Zapata, a Yale Medicine infectious disease doctor, said influenza spreads primarily through “tiny spitballs that are generated when we talk, laugh, sneeze, cough, sing.” So a face mask — which has been shown …

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