Covid vaccine that creates T-cells ‘gives better immune response than current jabs’
3 years, 1 month ago

Covid vaccine that creates T-cells ‘gives better immune response than current jabs’

The Telegraph  

A new vaccine designed to specifically create T-cells against Covid produces a better immune response than the alternatives already in use, according to trial data. "The induction of SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immunity is a central goal for vaccine development and of particular importance for patients with congenital or acquired B-cell deficiencies," the researchers wrote in a paper published in Nature. T-cell response ‘is actually more durable’ Phase one trial data from 36 people who received the experimental jab early this year showed the vaccine to be safe and capable of producing a robust immune response. The scientists said the vaccine's T-cell response "surpassed those detected after SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as after vaccination with approved vaccines".

Covid Response Vaccine Jab  response  jab  vaccine  tcell  gives  current  creates  jabs  better  longer  covid  immune  trial  sarscov2  tcells

History of this topic

What study on Covishield versus Covaxin vaccine reveals
10 months ago

What study on Covishield versus Covaxin vaccine reveals

The Hindu  

March 07, 2024 10:59 am | Updated March 09, 2024 10:53 am IST - Bengaluru A new study by a consortium of 11 institutes, led by scientists from the National Centre for Biological Sciences, has found that the Covishield vaccine demonstrated more robust immune responses compared to Covaxin. The key findings state that Covishield, leveraging a virus vector to deliver …

Scientists inch closer to Covid vaccine that provides lifelong protection
1 year, 8 months ago

Scientists inch closer to Covid vaccine that provides lifelong protection

The Independent  

Sign up for our free Health Check email to receive exclusive analysis on the week in health Get our free Health Check email Get our free Health Check email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Scientists have shown that a new Covid vaccine provides more durable …

Covid-19 vaccine protects patients with blood cancer: Study
2 years ago

Covid-19 vaccine protects patients with blood cancer: Study

Hindustan Times  

People with blood cancer usually have a weak immune system, putting them at an increased risk of becoming very ill from Covid-19. Covid-19 vaccine protects patients with blood cancer: Study A team led by physicians Dr. Andrea Keppler-Hafkemeyer and Dr. Christine Greil from the Medical Center-University of Freiburgand virologist Prof. Oliver T. Keppler from LMU Munich has now characterized in …

New bivalent Covid vaccines DON'T give people better immunity, studies show
2 years, 2 months ago

New bivalent Covid vaccines DON'T give people better immunity, studies show

Daily Mail  

The new bivalent Covid vaccines are no more effective than the original shots, according to two new studies. In both studies, people who had already been triple vaccinated were given either a standard Covid shot or an updated bivalent booster. President Joe Biden got his updated booster yesterday — his fifth shot to date — in the latest White House …

Experimental COVID-19 vaccine could outsmart future coronavirus variants
2 years, 3 months ago

Experimental COVID-19 vaccine could outsmart future coronavirus variants

LA Times  

A nurse prepares a syringe of COVID-19 vaccine. “We think of it as a one-time solution for all the COVID variants,” said Haitao Hu, an immunologist at the University of Texas Medical Branch and senior author of a study describing the vaccine in Wednesday’s edition of the journal Science Translational Medicine. The situation has forced scientists to play catch-up with …

FDA grapples with whether to modify COVID vaccine for fall
2 years, 6 months ago

FDA grapples with whether to modify COVID vaccine for fall

LA Times  

The Food and Drug Administration will debate Tuesday whether it’s time to update COVID vaccine formulas. “This is science at its toughest,” said FDA vaccine chief Dr. Peter Marks, adding that a final decision is expected within days of the advisory panel’s recommendation. In an analysis prepared for Tuesday’s meeting, FDA officials acknowledged targeting last winter’s version of Omicron is …

Covid Vaccine Immunity Wanes Faster in Cancer Patients, Boosters Are Best Shot: UK Study
2 years, 7 months ago

Covid Vaccine Immunity Wanes Faster in Cancer Patients, Boosters Are Best Shot: UK Study

News 18  

Some cancer patients are showing a rapid decline in Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness by three to six months compared to the general population, says a large-scale study carried out by the UK Coronavirus Cancer Evaluation Project, stressing on the importance of booster doses for those battling the malignant disease. They also found that vaccines offered higher protection against Covid-associated hospitalisation than …

COVID: Antibodies improve in quality for months after vaccination, claims study
2 years, 10 months ago

COVID: Antibodies improve in quality for months after vaccination, claims study

India TV News  

For at least six months after Covid-19 vaccination, antibodies produced by immune cells become steadily more formidable and more precisely targeted against the virus that causes Covid-19, according to a study of the antibody response to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. The researchers found that B cells targeted against SARS-CoV-2 persisted in the germinal centres - like boot camps where B cells …

Quality of antibodies improves for months after COVID-19 vaccination: Study
2 years, 10 months ago

Quality of antibodies improves for months after COVID-19 vaccination: Study

Deccan Chronicle  

Washington: Antibodies produced by immune cells become steadily more formidable and precisely targeted against the SARS-CoV-2 virus for at least six months after COVID-19 vaccination, according to a study. "If the virus did not change, most people who got two doses of this vaccine would be in very good shape," said senior study author Ali Ellebedy, an associate professor at …

Vaccine protection better maintained against severe COVID-19: Lancet study
2 years, 11 months ago

Vaccine protection better maintained against severe COVID-19: Lancet study

Firstpost  

The results showed that protection against infection of any severity waned progressively following the peak which occurred a month after the second dose London: The vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection wanes within a few months, but protection against severe COVID-19 appears to be better maintained, according to a study published in The Lancet journal. “The bad news is that the …

Vaccine protection better maintained against severe Covid-19: Lancet study
2 years, 11 months ago

Vaccine protection better maintained against severe Covid-19: Lancet study

India Today  

The vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection wanes within a few months, but protection against severe COVID-19 appears to be better maintained, according to a study published in The Lancet journal. "The bad news is that the protection against infection seems to be diminished by seven months after the second dose of vaccine," said Peter Nordstrom, a professor at Umea University …

Vaccine protection better maintained against severe COVID-19: Lancet study
2 years, 11 months ago

Vaccine protection better maintained against severe COVID-19: Lancet study

Deccan Chronicle  

London: The vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection wanes within a few months, but protection against severe COVID-19 appears to be better maintained, according to a study published in The Lancet journal. "The bad news is that the protection against infection seems to be diminished by seven months after the second dose of vaccine," said Peter Nordstrom, a professor at Umea …

Explained: Why T cell vaccines could be the key to long-term immunity from COVID-19
2 years, 11 months ago

Explained: Why T cell vaccines could be the key to long-term immunity from COVID-19

Firstpost  

Many of the doses designed to date – including Moderna’s, Pfizer’s and AstraZeneca’s – have focused just on the spike protein of the coronavirus. The main types are B cells, which make antibodies, and T cells, which either support B cell antibody production or act as killer cells to destroy the virus. This knowledge suggests that, against COVID, a good …

T-cell responses offer protection against Omicron variant of Covid: Study
2 years, 11 months ago

T-cell responses offer protection against Omicron variant of Covid: Study

Hindustan Times  

A new study has claimed that T-cells present in the human body offer protection against the fast-spreading Omicron variant of Covid-19. Previously, researchers and scientists have also said that 70-80% of T-cell responses are able to fight the Omicron variant. "SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses induced by either natural infection or vaccines have been linked to rapid viral clearance and reduced …

Common cold T cells may offer protection against Covid-19: UK study
2 years, 11 months ago

Common cold T cells may offer protection against Covid-19: UK study

India Today  

People with higher levels of T cells from common cold coronaviruses are less likely to become infected with SARS-CoV-2, the strain which causes Covid-19, according to a new UK study led by Indian-origin researchers on Monday. Our study provides the clearest evidence to date that T cells induced by common cold coronaviruses play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These …

T-cells from common colds can provide protection against COVID-19 - study
2 years, 11 months ago

T-cells from common colds can provide protection against COVID-19 - study

Live Mint  

High levels of T-cells from common cold coronaviruses can provide protection against COVID-19, an Imperial College London study published on Monday has found, which could inform approaches for second-generation vaccines. Immunity against COVID-19 is a complex picture, and while there is evidence of waning antibody levels six months after vaccination, T-cells are also believed to play a vital role in …

Covaxin booster shot may provide long-term immunity against severe Covid, says Bharat Biotech
3 years ago

Covaxin booster shot may provide long-term immunity against severe Covid, says Bharat Biotech

India Today  

A booster dose of Bharat Biotech's Covid-19 vaccine Covaxin, administered six months after the second dose, could provide long-term immunity from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, a study by Bharat Biotech and the Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Virology, Pune, has indicated. The study, published on medRxiv and not yet peer-reviewed, said that the Covaxin booster shot is …

Early data of COVID-19 vaccine booster to tackle multiple variants shows promise
3 years ago

Early data of COVID-19 vaccine booster to tackle multiple variants shows promise

Firstpost  

The yet-to-be peer-reviewed results also show the vaccine, being trialled with the anticipated involvement of 20 people aged 60 and over, was generally safe and well-tolerated. London: A COVID-19 vaccine booster aimed at tackling multiple coronavirus variants shows promise in inducing a comprehensive immune response, early data suggests. The initial phase one clinical data shows the vaccine has strong levels …

Multivariant Covid vaccine booster shows promise, early data suggests
3 years ago

Multivariant Covid vaccine booster shows promise, early data suggests

Deccan Chronicle  

London: A COVID-19 vaccine booster aimed at tackling multiple coronavirus variants shows promise in inducing a comprehensive immune response, early data suggests. The initial phase one clinical data shows the vaccine has strong levels of neutralising antibodies, similar to approved mRNA vaccines, but at up to a 10-fold lower dose in the first 10 individuals. "These initial data with samRNA …

Multivariant Covid vaccine booster shows promise, early data suggests
3 years ago

Multivariant Covid vaccine booster shows promise, early data suggests

India Today  

A Covid-19 vaccine booster aimed at tackling multiple coronavirus variants shows promise in inducing a comprehensive immune response, early data suggests. The initial phase one clinical data shows the vaccine has strong levels of neutralising antibodies, similar to approved mRNA vaccines, but at up to a 10-fold lower dose in the first 10 individuals. "These initial data with samRNA Covid …

Breakthrough Infections Generate Strong Immunity to Covid-19 Variants: Study
3 years ago

Breakthrough Infections Generate Strong Immunity to Covid-19 Variants: Study

News 18  

People who are infected after getting vaccinated develop a greatly enhanced immune response to variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19, according to a lab study. The results suggest each exposure following vaccination actually serves to strengthen immune response to subsequent exposures even to new variants of the virus. "We have not examined the Omicron variant specifically, but based …

J&J Covid vaccine booster raised immune response after Pfizer vaccine, study finds
3 years, 1 month ago

J&J Covid vaccine booster raised immune response after Pfizer vaccine, study finds

CNN  

CNN — Using the Johnson & Johnson vaccine as a booster for people initially immunized with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine produces a strong immune response and may do more to elicit protection against severe disease, researchers reported Sunday. Their small study of 65 volunteers who all initially got two doses of Pfizer/BioNTech’s vaccine showed that using the J&J Janssen vaccine as …

A new protein-based COVID-19 vaccine made in US doesn't need cold storage, shows study
3 years, 2 months ago

A new protein-based COVID-19 vaccine made in US doesn't need cold storage, shows study

Firstpost  

The new vaccine candidate elicited strong immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and its variants in mice Boston: Scientists have developed a new protein-based vaccine candidate for COVID-19 that they say is much easier to produce and does not need refrigeration. They said the new vaccine design, described in the PNAS journal, could help fill global vaccination …

Covid vaccinated people with prior infection may have more antibodies: Study
3 years, 2 months ago

Covid vaccinated people with prior infection may have more antibodies: Study

Deccan Chronicle  

Washington: Antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, stay more durable in people who were infected by the disease and then received two doses of vaccine compared with those who only got immunised, according to a study. After adjusting for vaccine type, age and sex, antibody levels were compared for those with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection at …

COVID-19 vaccines more protective than past infection, study shows
3 years, 2 months ago

COVID-19 vaccines more protective than past infection, study shows

LA Times  

A nursing student draws a COVID-19 vaccine into a syringe. A new study shows that vaccinations can offer better protection against COVID-19 than natural immunity from a prior infection. Unvaccinated people who had been infected months earlier were 5 times more likely to get COVID-19 than fully vaccinated people who didn’t have a prior infection, researchers concluded in a new …

Pfizer vaccine highly effective against Covid hospitalisations for six months: Study
3 years, 3 months ago

Pfizer vaccine highly effective against Covid hospitalisations for six months: Study

Deccan Chronicle  

Washington: Two doses of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine are 90 per cent effective against hospitalisation from the disease for all variants, including Delta, for at least six months, according to a study published in The Lancet journal on Tuesday. The researchers found that over the study period, effectiveness of the vaccine against all SARS-COV-2 infections declined, falling from 88 per …

Covid vaccines protect patients with cancer, new study suggests
3 years, 3 months ago

Covid vaccines protect patients with cancer, new study suggests

The Independent  

Get the free Morning Headlines email for news from our reporters across the world Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Another study found that a booster jab could improve immune response to the coronavirus …

COVID-19 vaccine boosters not 'appropriate' at this stage of pandemic, says study in The Lancet
3 years, 3 months ago

COVID-19 vaccine boosters not 'appropriate' at this stage of pandemic, says study in The Lancet

Firstpost  

The authors noted that across all vaccine types and variants, vaccine efficacy is greater against severe disease than against mild disease. “Taken as a whole, the currently available studies do not provide credible evidence of substantially declining protection against severe disease, which is the primary goal of vaccination,” said lead author Ana-Maria Henao-Restrepo from WHO. “The limited supply of these …

Covid-19 booster shots not appropriate amid high vaccine efficacy: Study
3 years, 3 months ago

Covid-19 booster shots not appropriate amid high vaccine efficacy: Study

India Today  

Vaccine efficacy against severe Covid-19, even for the delta variant, is so high that booster doses for the general population are not appropriate at this stage in the pandemic, according to a review by an international group of scientists published in The Lancet on Monday. Although vaccines are less effective against asymptomatic disease or against transmission than against severe disease, …

Some vaccines last a lifetime. Here’s why covid-19 shots don’t
3 years, 3 months ago

Some vaccines last a lifetime. Here’s why covid-19 shots don’t

Live Mint  

Why don’t Covid-19 vaccinations last longer? “A really good vaccine makes it so someone does not get infected even if they are exposed to the virus,” said Rustom Antia, a biology professor at Emory University who studies immune responses. “Basically, it’s levels of antibodies or neutralizing antibodies per milliliter of blood,” said Mark Slifka, a professor at Oregon Health & …

Can COVID infection give more immunity than vaccines? Maybe, but that doesn't mean you should try to catch it
3 years, 4 months ago

Can COVID infection give more immunity than vaccines? Maybe, but that doesn't mean you should try to catch it

Firstpost  

A common reason to remain unvaccinated is the misconception that waiting for natural immunity by choosing infection over-vaccination is an option. The low rate of COVID-related hospitalisations among vaccinated participants would probably be strikingly lower than among non-vaccinated people without prior infection, but this group was not included in the analyses. Several studies show a substantial boost in both antibody …

Natural immunity from Covid infection could be stronger than vaccination. Israeli study suggests
3 years, 4 months ago

Natural immunity from Covid infection could be stronger than vaccination. Israeli study suggests

Daily Mail  

Natural immunity from previous COVID-19 infection may offer stronger protection against the Indian 'Delta' variant than immunity from full vaccination, a new study suggests. Participants who were double jabbed were 5.96 times more likely to be infected and 7.13 times more likely to experience symptoms, a new study found After three months, risk of infection was 13.06 times higher among …

COVID-19 vaccines don’t destroy T cells or weaken immune system
3 years, 4 months ago

COVID-19 vaccines don’t destroy T cells or weaken immune system

Associated Press  

CLAIM: A study from the Francis Crick Institute in London found that Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine destroys a type of white blood cell called the T cell and weakens the immune system. The articles claim that the study shows the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine “destroys T cells” and “weakens the immune system.” But that’s not at all what the research shows, according …

GSK-CureVac's 2nd Covid Vax Shows Better Immune Response Against Beta, Delta And Lambda Variants
3 years, 4 months ago

GSK-CureVac's 2nd Covid Vax Shows Better Immune Response Against Beta, Delta And Lambda Variants

News 18  

The second mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine developed by German biopharmaceutical company CureVac and its British partner GlaxoSmithKline has demonstrated improved immune response and protection than its first vaccine, according to a new study. The animal-based study, yet to be peer-reviewed and posted on pre-print server bioRxiv, shows that CV2CoV has higher neutralising capacity against a range of variants, including the Beta, …

FDA set to clear third COVID-19 shot for people with weak immune systems
3 years, 4 months ago

FDA set to clear third COVID-19 shot for people with weak immune systems

LA Times  

U.S. drug regulators are set to clear a third dose of COVID-19 vaccines for people with weak immune systems as a new study showed the benefits of an extra shot in transplant patients. A third dose of Moderna Inc.’s vaccine significantly raised antibody levels against the coronavirus in transplant patients, according a comparison of an extra shot to a placebo …

Shots give COVID-19 survivors big immune boost, studies show
3 years, 5 months ago

Shots give COVID-19 survivors big immune boost, studies show

Associated Press  

Even people who have recovered from COVID-19 are urged to get vaccinated, especially as the extra-contagious delta variant surges — and a new study shows survivors who ignored that advice were more than twice as likely to get reinfected. Friday’s report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention adds to growing laboratory evidence that people who had one bout …

Single vaccine dose enough to shield recovered Covid patient against Delta variant: ICMR study
3 years, 6 months ago

Single vaccine dose enough to shield recovered Covid patient against Delta variant: ICMR study

India Today  

People who have recovered from Covid-19 and received one or both doses of vaccine exhibit higher protection against the Delta variant as compared to individuals who have taken one or two doses of Covishield, a new study by the Indian Council of Medical Research has found. “The findings of the study demonstrated that the breakthrough cases and the Covid-19 recovered …

6% of cancer patients show little response to the COVID-19 vaccines
3 years, 6 months ago

6% of cancer patients show little response to the COVID-19 vaccines

Daily Mail  

More than five percent of cancer patients exhibit no immune response to the two-shot COVID-19 vaccine, a new study suggests. Researchers say the lack of an immune response is troubling because it could mean some cancer patients who are already vulnerable to the virus may be left without means to protect themselves. A research team has found that 5% of …

COVID-19 vaccines ARE effective in cancer patients
3 years, 6 months ago

COVID-19 vaccines ARE effective in cancer patients

Daily Mail  

Cancer patients do develop COVID-19 antibodies after being fully vaccinated, a new study suggests. Pictured: Acancer patient receives her vaccine while others talk and laugh in an oncology unit at James Graham Brown Cancer Center in Louisville, Kentucky, April 2021 Cancer patients taking stem cell treatments and other therapies had lower antibody responses, but still saw definite immune system buildup …

Vaccines boost natural immunity against Covid-19: Study
3 years, 7 months ago

Vaccines boost natural immunity against Covid-19: Study

India Today  

Vaccination boosts the natural immunity in people infected with the novel coronavirus so much that they are likely to be protected even from the emerging variants, according to a study. Data from their follow-ups show that, over time, antibodies produced by the immune system's memory B cells got better at neutralising SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. READ: Second dose …

New hope against Covid-19 pandemic, infection and vaccine may give lifelong immunity
3 years, 7 months ago

New hope against Covid-19 pandemic, infection and vaccine may give lifelong immunity

India Today  

At least two new studies have given hope that people infected with Sars-2 or vaccinated against Covid-19 may have lifelong immunity against the disease. The scientists found that the immune system retained a portion of Sars-2 and immunity cells continued to evolve and get trained to fight the coronavirus infection with time. This also offers hope that the involvement of …

Single COVID-19 vaccine dose boosts protection in previously infected: study
3 years, 8 months ago

Single COVID-19 vaccine dose boosts protection in previously infected: study

The Hindu  

A single dose of COVID-19 vaccine boosts protection against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus variants, but only in those previously infected with the disease, according to a study. They found that people who had previously had mild or asymptomatic infection had significantly enhanced protection against the Kent and South Africa variants, after a single dose of the mRNA vaccine. "Our findings show that …

Recent research throws light on the significance of the role T-cells play in immune response against the coronavirus
3 years, 9 months ago

Recent research throws light on the significance of the role T-cells play in immune response against the coronavirus

The Hindu  

Following the emergence of several variants of the COVID-19–causing virus, SARS-CoV-2—in particular the three more transmissible ones identified since December 2020 in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil respectively—there has been widespread concern that they could evade the immunity conferred by recovery from earlier COVID-19 infection or vaccination. “Understanding the extant immunity in previously infected individuals,” the authors write …

Pfizer Covid vaccine produces ‘robust’ antibody response after first dose, new study shows
3 years, 9 months ago

Pfizer Covid vaccine produces ‘robust’ antibody response after first dose, new study shows

The Independent  

Sign up for our free Health Check email to receive exclusive analysis on the week in health Get our free Health Check email Get our free Health Check email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy A new study looking at the effect of the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus …

Covaxin phase 2 data shows vaccine safe, induces immune response, says Lancet study
3 years, 10 months ago

Covaxin phase 2 data shows vaccine safe, induces immune response, says Lancet study

Firstpost  

New Delhi: India’s first indigenous vaccine against COVID-19, Covaxin, is safe and generates immune response without any serious side effects, according to the interim results of the phase 2 trials published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases journal. The phase 2 trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the BBV152 vaccine was conducted in healthy adults and adolescents aged 12-65 …

Covaxin phase 2 trial data published in Lancet; 96% people show immune response
3 years, 10 months ago

Covaxin phase 2 trial data published in Lancet; 96% people show immune response

Live Mint  

Phase 2 trial results of Bharat Biotech International Ltd’s Covaxin were published in the Lancet, a peer-reviewed journal, on Monday, with the vaccine showing that 96% of the people had an immune response among those that got the higher dose of the vaccine. A phase 2 trial of a vaccine is used to test the vaccine’s ability to produce an …

COVID-19 recovered patients may have immunity for over 8 months
4 years ago

COVID-19 recovered patients may have immunity for over 8 months

India TV News  

Contrary to current belief that recovered Covid-19 patients have antibodies to fight the disease for up to three to five months, a significant study has claimed that the protective immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus could last for at least eight months or more. The findings suggested that responses to the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, from all major players in the "adaptive" …

Moderna Covid-19 Vaccine Shows 94.1 Percent Efficacy in Trial: Study
4 years ago

Moderna Covid-19 Vaccine Shows 94.1 Percent Efficacy in Trial: Study

News 18  

Results from the primary analysis of the ongoing phase 3 clinical trial of US biotechnology company Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine have revealed 94.1 per cent efficacy of the therapeutic in preventing symptomatic infections and severe illness, according to a peer-reviewed study. The study, published on Wednesday in The New England Journal of Medicine, found that among over 30,000 participants randomised to …

Covid-19 immunity: ‘Natural immunity’ from Covid-19 infection better than a vaccine?
4 years, 1 month ago

Covid-19 immunity: ‘Natural immunity’ from Covid-19 infection better than a vaccine?

Firstpost  

Considering the unknowns, Covid-19 vaccines have predictably prevented illness, and would be a far safer bet, experts said. On the heels of last month’s news of stunning results from Pfizer’s and Moderna’s experimental Covid-19 vaccines, Sen. Rand Paul tweeted a provocative comparison. Given all the unknowns — like a region’s hospital capacity or the strength of a person’s immune response …

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