UN condemns M23 rebel offensive on DRC town as hundreds flee
1 year, 10 months ago

UN condemns M23 rebel offensive on DRC town as hundreds flee

Al Jazeera  

The M23 rebels have seized areas of eastern DRC’s North Kivu province in a rapid onslaught since May. The United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has condemned an offensive by M23 rebels in the east of the country that forced 450 people, including women and children, to seek refuge around its base in Kitshanga town. “The M23 must cease all hostility and withdraw from occupied areas, in accordance with the roadmap set out in the Luanda mini-summit,” the mission, known by its acronym MONUSCO, said on Twitter on Thursday. The Kitshanga attack is a new offensive by rebels who have seized areas of eastern DRC’s North Kivu province in a rapid onslaught since May that threatened the provincial capital, Goma.

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Fighting in eastern Congo between army and rebels intensifies ahead of peace talks Sunday
1 week, 2 days ago

Fighting in eastern Congo between army and rebels intensifies ahead of peace talks Sunday

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — Fighting between the Congolese army and the M23 rebel group intensified in eastern Congo in recent days ahead of much anticipated peace talks on Sunday, the army said. Congo’s army accused the M23 of killing 12 civilians earlier this week in villages of the Lubero territory in the eastern province of North-Kivu in a statement on Friday. …

Fighting resumes in eastern Congo in cease-fire breach ahead of possible mediation talks
3 weeks ago

Fighting resumes in eastern Congo in cease-fire breach ahead of possible mediation talks

LA Times  

In 2022, M23 rebels stand with their weapons in Kibumba in eastern Congo. Fighting between the Congolese army and the M23 rebel group resumed in eastern Congo in yet another cease-fire violation ahead of potential mediation talks, both groups said. M23 is one of a 100 armed groups that have been vying for a foothold in mineral-rich eastern Congo near …

East African summit urges peace in eastern Congo but its leader skips talks
3 weeks, 2 days ago

East African summit urges peace in eastern Congo but its leader skips talks

Associated Press  

ARUSHA, Tanzania — East African heads of state made another push for peace in eastern Congo on Saturday but its prospects remained bleak following a regional summit that was marked by the Congolese president’s absence and an early departure of his Rwandan counterpart. A communique read at the end of the closed-door meeting of the East African Community in Arusha, …

Congo accuses rebel group of ‘ethnic cleansing’ in country’s east
1 month ago

Congo accuses rebel group of ‘ethnic cleansing’ in country’s east

Associated Press  

KINSHASA, Congo — Congo’s government on Tuesday accused the Rwanda-backed M23 rebel group of “ethnic cleansing” in the central African nation’s east. M23, or the March 23 Movement, is a rebel military group mainly made up of ethnic Tutsis who broke away from the Congolese army just over a decade ago. The group rose to prominence in 2012 when its …

As Rwanda votes, tensions with neighbouring DR Congo deepen over M23
5 months, 1 week ago

As Rwanda votes, tensions with neighbouring DR Congo deepen over M23

Al Jazeera  

As Rwandans go to the polls for presidential and legislative elections, some 9.7 million people are voting in an atmosphere of peace and stability. According to the UN expert group report, 3,000 to 4,000 Rwanda Defence Force members are fighting alongside the M23 in DRC. Government spokesperson Yolanda Makolo did not outrightly deny RDF’s presence in the DRC while speaking …

UN experts: Between 3,000 and 4,000 Rwandan troops are in Congo operating with the M23 rebel group
5 months, 1 week ago

UN experts: Between 3,000 and 4,000 Rwandan troops are in Congo operating with the M23 rebel group

Associated Press  

UNITED NATIONS — Between 3,000 and 4,000 Rwanda government forces are deployed in neighboring eastern Congo, operating alongside the M23 rebel group which has been making major advances, U.N. experts said in a report circulated Wednesday. The Rwandan forces’ “de facto control and direction over M23 operations also renders Rwanda liable for the actions of M23,” the panel of experts …

Uganda backed M23 in DRC, Rwanda’s ‘de facto control’ on group: UN experts
5 months, 2 weeks ago

Uganda backed M23 in DRC, Rwanda’s ‘de facto control’ on group: UN experts

Al Jazeera  

The United Nations report says the Ugandan army supported the rebels while some 3,000-4,000 Rwandan soldiers fought alongside them in the eastern DRC. The UN Security Council’s group of experts on Monday also said some 3,000-4,000 Rwandan soldiers fought alongside M23 rebels in eastern DRC and that Kigali had “de facto control” of the group’s operations. “Since the resurgence of …

At least 12 killed in bomb attacks on eastern DR Congo displacement camps
7 months, 2 weeks ago

At least 12 killed in bomb attacks on eastern DR Congo displacement camps

Al Jazeera  

Congolese government, US blame Rwandan army and M23 rebel group for targeting camps where thousands are seeking refuge. At least 12 people, including children, have been killed in twin bomb blasts that hit two camps for displaced people in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to government officials, the United Nations and an aid group. Government spokesperson Yolande Makolo …

3 Tanzanian soldiers were killed as violence persists in eastern Congo
8 months, 2 weeks ago

3 Tanzanian soldiers were killed as violence persists in eastern Congo

Associated Press  

NAIROBI, Kenya — Three Tanzanian soldiers were killed and three others injured after a mortar shell landed near their camp in eastern Congo, where the Tanzanians are deployed under the banner of a regional bloc to help quell violence. President Felix Tshisekedi of Congo blames neighboring Rwanda for providing military support to the M23, an allegation Rwandan officials no longer …

Eastern DRC ‘at breaking point’ as security, humanitarian crises worsen
8 months, 3 weeks ago

Eastern DRC ‘at breaking point’ as security, humanitarian crises worsen

Al Jazeera  

UN warns of deteriorating situation as M23 rebels continue to make gains, pushing hundreds of thousands of civilians from their homes. War is on the doorstep of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Goma city and the region is at breaking point, activists and aid workers have said, as the United Nations sounds an alarm over the situation in the …

At least 10 people killed as rebels seize a town in Congo’s conflict-hit eastern region
9 months, 2 weeks ago

At least 10 people killed as rebels seize a town in Congo’s conflict-hit eastern region

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — A rebel group with alleged links to neighboring Rwanda seized a town in Congo’s conflict-hit eastern region following attacks that killed at least 10 people and displaced thousands, reports said Wednesday. He said thousands of people had fled toward Goma, which is eastern Congo’s largest city and the capital of North Kivu province. M23 controls about half …

UN Security Council sanctions rebels in DR Congo as violence escalates
10 months ago

UN Security Council sanctions rebels in DR Congo as violence escalates

Al Jazeera  

A committee imposes an arms embargo, travel ban and asset freeze on leaders of six armed groups fighting in the mineral-rich region. The United Nations Security Council has sanctioned the leaders of six armed groups fighting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo amid escalating violence in the country’s restive northeastern region. “We are pleased that as of today, six …

Rwanda rejects US calls for withdrawal of missiles and troops from eastern Congo
10 months ago

Rwanda rejects US calls for withdrawal of missiles and troops from eastern Congo

Associated Press  

KAMPALA, Uganda — Authorities in Rwanda on Monday rejected U.S. calls for the withdrawal of troops and missile systems from eastern Congo, saying they are defending Rwandan territory as Congo carries out a “dramatic military build-up” near the border. Rwanda’s Foreign Ministry in a statement spoke of threats to Rwandan national security stemming from the presence in Congo of an …

US condemns Rwanda’s support of armed M23 rebels in eastern Congo and calls for troop withdrawal
10 months ago

US condemns Rwanda’s support of armed M23 rebels in eastern Congo and calls for troop withdrawal

Associated Press  

KAMPALA, Uganda — The U.S. has condemned Saturday Rwanda’s support of the armed M23 group in eastern Congo, whose rebellion has caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and called on the rebel group to “cease hostilities.” The U.S. State Department in a statement strongly criticized “the worsening violence. caused by the actions of the Rwanda-backed, U.S.- and …

3 dead in bombing attack on Congo displacement camp as violence in the east escalates
10 months, 1 week ago

3 dead in bombing attack on Congo displacement camp as violence in the east escalates

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — A group of rebels bombed a displacement camp in eastern Congo’s North Kivu province killing three civilians and injuring eight others, a local civil society group said Tuesday, as violence in the conflict-hit region sparked protests and a humanitarian group warned that thousands are facing limited access to aid. A rebel group with alleged links to neighboring …

Residents scatter as they fear Congo rebel group will again seize key eastern city of Goma
10 months, 2 weeks ago

Residents scatter as they fear Congo rebel group will again seize key eastern city of Goma

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — One of eastern Congo’s most active rebel groups is attacking a community considered the last line of defense before the region’s largest city of Goma, fleeing residents said Wednesday, even as the rebels claimed they had no intention to seize it again. The M23, with alleged ties to Rwanda, detonated explosives in North Kivu’s Sake city 27 …

Congo rebel group kills at least 19 people in attack on eastern town
10 months, 3 weeks ago

Congo rebel group kills at least 19 people in attack on eastern town

Associated Press  

KINSHASA, Congo — At least 19 people were killed when rebels attacked a town in Congo’s North Kivu province, the army said late Thursday, the latest violence in the country’s conflict-battered east. The rebels shelled the town of Mweso, where they “indiscriminately dropped mortar bombs,” which also injured 27 other civilians, army spokesman Lt. Col. Guillaume N’djike Kaïko said in …

Tensions between Congo and Rwanda heighten the risk of military confrontation, UN envoy says
1 year ago

Tensions between Congo and Rwanda heighten the risk of military confrontation, UN envoy says

Associated Press  

UNITED NATIONS — Tensions between Congo and Rwanda have escalated, heightening the risk of a military confrontation that could draw in Burundi, the top U.N. official in Congo warned the Security Council on Monday. She stressed that insecurity “has compounded the ongoing humanitarian crisis.” According to the U.N. humanitarian office, over 6.5 million people are displaced in Congo, 5.5 million …

Rebels claim to capture more ground in Congo’s east, raising further concerns about election safety
1 year, 1 month ago

Rebels claim to capture more ground in Congo’s east, raising further concerns about election safety

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — A rebel group with alleged links to neighboring Rwanda claimed Wednesday to have seized a key town in Congo’s conflict-hit eastern region amid intense fighting, raising further security concerns ahead of the country’s Dec. 20 presidential election. Mweso town, which is about 100 kilometres from the North Kivu provincial capital of Goma, came under the control of …

Congo and the UN sign a deal for peacekeepers to withdraw after more than 2 decades and frustration
1 year, 1 month ago

Congo and the UN sign a deal for peacekeepers to withdraw after more than 2 decades and frustration

Associated Press  

KINSHASA, Congo — Congo’s foreign minister and the head of the United Nations stabilization mission in Congo signed agreements Tuesday to end the presence of U.N. peacekeepers after more than two decades in the Central African nation. Congolese Foreign Minister Christophe Lutundula told national television that the ceremony marked the end of a collaboration “which has proved its limits in …

The massive displacement in Congo | Explained
1 year, 1 month ago

The massive displacement in Congo | Explained

The Hindu  

November 07, 2023 10:41 pm | Updated November 13, 2023 12:23 pm IST The story so far: On October 30, the UN International Organization of Migration reported that the number of people who have been internally displaced in the Democratic Republic of Congo has risen to 6.9 million. Since then, the eastern DRC, bordering Rwanda, has been facing insurgency perpetrated …

US asks Congo and Rwanda to de-escalate tensions as fighting near their border displaces millions
1 year, 1 month ago

US asks Congo and Rwanda to de-escalate tensions as fighting near their border displaces millions

Associated Press  

NAIROBI, Kenya — U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has urged Rwanda and Congo to de-escalate tensions and withdraw troops from their border following increased fighting that has displaced nearly 7 million people. Blinken spoke separately by phone with Congolese President Felix Tshisekedi and Rwandan President Paul Kagame about the “volatile situation and worsening humanitarian crisis along the border,” the …

Congo orders regional peacekeepers to leave by December
1 year, 2 months ago

Congo orders regional peacekeepers to leave by December

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — Congo’s government spokesperson has said that the East African regional force would have to leave the country by Dec. 8 because of a “lack of satisfactory results on the ground” as agreed on during a regional meeting. Partick Muyaya told journalists on Monday night that the East African Community, or EAC, force must leave the country “because …

An alarming humanitarian crisis and massive sexual violence wrack eastern Congo, UN official says
1 year, 3 months ago

An alarming humanitarian crisis and massive sexual violence wrack eastern Congo, UN official says

Associated Press  

UNITED NATIONS — The humanitarian situation in conflict-wracked eastern Congo has deteriorated alarmingly in the past 18 months with 8 million people in urgent need of assistance and women and girls subjected to sexual violence on a massive scale -- just in three provinces, a senior U.N. official said Tuesday. Edem Wosornu, the U.N. humanitarian office’s operations director who just …

What’s driving DR Congo’s deadly conflict with M23?
1 year, 6 months ago

What’s driving DR Congo’s deadly conflict with M23?

Al Jazeera  

On Tuesday, June 20 at 19:30 GMT: The Democratic Republic of Congo has been facing political instability and armed violence since 1996, with an estimated six million people killed since the conflict began. According to a Human Rights Watch report, M23 allegedly executed scores of villagers and militia members between November 2022 and April 2023, burying them in mass graves …

‘We need peace’: M23 war displaces DRC residents yet again
1 year, 6 months ago

‘We need peace’: M23 war displaces DRC residents yet again

Al Jazeera  

For thousands of people in the eastern DRC, displacement in the latest onslaught by the M23 is another episode in their fight for survival. “They are still practically using the same discourse,” said Sematumba of the rebels, comparing current fighters with their predecessors in the first M23 rebellion and to CNDP combatants. “ Kagame got very angry about that.” Life …

More than 30 civilians killed by Islamic extremists in Congo
1 year, 8 months ago

More than 30 civilians killed by Islamic extremists in Congo

Associated Press  

KINSHASA, Congo — More than 30 people were killed in a string of attacks by extremist rebels in eastern Congo, a local human rights organization said. Men, women and children were killed by the Allied Democratic Forces — which has ties to the Islamic State group — between the Irumu and Mambasa territories in Congo’s Ituri province, Christophe Munyanderu, coordinator …

Rwanda says Congolese soldiers attack its border army post
1 year, 10 months ago

Rwanda says Congolese soldiers attack its border army post

Associated Press  

KIGALI, Rwanda — Rwanda’s army said its troops briefly exchanged fire with soldiers from Congo early Wednesday, in a new spike in tension between the neighbors who have accused each other of supporting armed rebel groups on the other side of the border. United Nations experts in December said they had “substantial evidence” of Rwandan government forces crossing into Congo …

One peacekeeper killed in DRC after UN chopper comes under fire
1 year, 10 months ago

One peacekeeper killed in DRC after UN chopper comes under fire

Al Jazeera  

Sunday’s incident comes a day after leaders of the East African Community held a summit on the DRC crisis, in Burundi. A United Nations peacekeeper has been killed in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo when a helicopter operated by the peacekeeping force came under fire midair on Sunday, the UN mission called MONUSCO said. Eight peacekeepers were killed …

East African leaders urge ceasefire in eastern DR Congo
1 year, 10 months ago

East African leaders urge ceasefire in eastern DR Congo

Al Jazeera  

The call came after leaders of the East African Community held a summit in Burundi on Saturday. East African regional leaders have renewed their call for an immediate ceasefire by all sides in the conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo that pits the country’s military against a rebel group that the government has accused Rwanda of supporting. At a …

M23 rebels take control of Kitshanga in eastern DR Congo
1 year, 10 months ago

M23 rebels take control of Kitshanga in eastern DR Congo

Al Jazeera  

The rebels seize the strategic town after days of fierce fighting, drawing condemnation from the UN. The M23 rebels have seized the strategic town of Kitshanga in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo after days of fierce fighting, drawing condemnation from the UN. M23′s political spokesman, Lawrence Kanyuka, in a statement on Thursday accused government troops of attacking civilians in …

Fighting intensifies in eastern Congo, displacing hundreds
1 year, 10 months ago

Fighting intensifies in eastern Congo, displacing hundreds

Associated Press  

GOMA, Congo — Fighting intensified around a town in eastern Congo Thursday as a rebel group seeking to expand the territory it controls increased pressure on government troops defending it, forcing hundreds of civilians to flee their homes. Congo for months has accused neighboring Rwanda of supporting the M23 group — whose origins lie in the region’s ethnic fighting — …

Rwanda fires on Congo military aircraft accused of violation
1 year, 10 months ago

Rwanda fires on Congo military aircraft accused of violation

Associated Press  

NAIROBI, Kenya — Rwanda has fired on a Congolese military aircraft it alleges violated its airspace in a new escalation of tensions between the neighbors that has set off alarm across central Africa. A Rwandan government statement said “defensive measures” were taken against a Sukhoi-25 from Congo on Tuesday evening, and it urged Congo to “stop this aggression.” Rwanda’s state …

UN internal report flags rebels flouting ceasefire in eastern DRC
1 year, 11 months ago

UN internal report flags rebels flouting ceasefire in eastern DRC

Al Jazeera  

There is uncertainty about the status of the conflict in parts of east DRC, although M23 rebels agreed to a ceasefire. United Nations intelligence analysts have spotted suspected movements by M23 rebels in parts of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo from which they were meant to have withdrawn, internal UN documents show. “Their total withdrawal from the area …

M23 rebels pledge to withdraw from eastern DRC town
1 year, 11 months ago

M23 rebels pledge to withdraw from eastern DRC town

Al Jazeera  

The DRC has slammed M23’s latest moves as a ‘sham’ designed to distract from the group reinforcing its positions elsewhere. The M23 rebels have promised to retreat from the town of Rumangabo in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo weeks after they announced they would leave the nearby city of Kibumba, but the DRC military has questioned the rebel group’s …

EU calls on Rwanda to stop supporting M23 rebels in DR Congo
1 year, 11 months ago

EU calls on Rwanda to stop supporting M23 rebels in DR Congo

Al Jazeera  

The bloc’s comments came after UN experts’ report found ‘direct intervention’ by Rwandan forces inside the DR Congo. The European Union has urged Rwanda to stop supporting the M23 rebel group, which has captured swaths of territory in North Kivu province in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell on Saturday said the European …

Abduction, torture, rape: Conflict in Congo worsens, says U.N.
1 year, 11 months ago

Abduction, torture, rape: Conflict in Congo worsens, says U.N.

LA Times  

The accounts are haunting. At the Bunagana border crossing with Uganda, the rebels earned an average of $27,000 a month making people pay to carry goods in and out of the country, said the U.N. Two locals living under M23, who did not want to be named out of fear for their safety, told the Associated Press they’d been forced …

UN experts: `Substantial evidence’ of Rwanda forces in Congo
2 years ago

UN experts: `Substantial evidence’ of Rwanda forces in Congo

Associated Press  

UNITED NATIONS — U.N. experts say they found “substantial evidence” of Rwandan government forces crossing into neighboring eastern Congo, either to reinforce M23 rebels or to conduct military operations against another rebel group that includes fighters accused of taking part in the 1994 Rwanda genocide. The M23 rebels are largely Congolese ethnic Tutsis who became prominent 10 years ago when …

M23 rebels pledge to retreat from key position in eastern DRC
2 years ago

M23 rebels pledge to retreat from key position in eastern DRC

Al Jazeera  

Violence from the group has caused hundreds of thousands of people to flee in fear from the DRC’s volatile east region. The M23 rebel group, who have seized swaths of territory in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have pledged to retreat from a strategic front-line position. In a statement on Friday, the rebels announced that it …

Growing pressure on Rwanda from France, Germany over Congo
2 years ago

Growing pressure on Rwanda from France, Germany over Congo

Associated Press  

NAIROBI, Kenya — International pressure is growing on Rwanda as France and Germany are the latest parties to openly accuse the country of supporting armed rebels in neighboring eastern Congo — with possible repercussions for foreign aid that Kigali has long enjoyed. A report by United Nations experts earlier this year said they had “solid evidence” that Rwanda’s armed forces …

‘Tired of this war': Congolese cope with M23 rebel violence
2 years ago

‘Tired of this war': Congolese cope with M23 rebel violence

Associated Press  

BENI, Congo — Kavira Mathe was making dinner for her two sons when bullets began flying. “We are tired of this war.” Communities in eastern Congo are struggling to survive in the wake of that massacre and others in which at least 130 people were killed by M23 rebels in what the United Nations called “unspeakable violence” against civilians. The …

131 civilians killed by M23 rebels in eastern Congo, says UN
2 years ago

131 civilians killed by M23 rebels in eastern Congo, says UN

Associated Press  

BENI, Congo — Arbitrarily shooting, stabbing, raping and abducting people, rebels in eastern Congo have killed at least 131 people and inflicted “unspeakable violence” against civilians, says a new U.N. report. The M23 rebel group killed men, women and children in two villages in Congo’s Rutshuru territory in North Kivu province last month, according to a preliminary investigation by the …

M23 rebels killed at least 131 civilians in eastern DRC, UN says
2 years ago

M23 rebels killed at least 131 civilians in eastern DRC, UN says

Al Jazeera  

Victims were ‘arbitrarily executed’ during a massacre in two villages in North Kivu in late November, a preliminary investigation has found. M23 rebels killed at least 131 civilians in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo late last month as part of a campaign of murder, rape, kidnapping and looting, the United Nations has said. In a preliminary investigation released on …

M23 rebels accuse Congo’s government of breaking cease-fire
2 years ago

M23 rebels accuse Congo’s government of breaking cease-fire

Associated Press  

DAKAR, Senegal — M23 rebels accused a government coalition in Congo on Wednesday of targeted killings and breaching a cease-fire agreed to last month, jeopardizing prospects for peace in the country’s conflict-riddled east. M23 alleges the coalition attacked its positions in North Kivu province and was killing civilians, destroying houses and slaughtering cows, Lawrence Kanyuka, the rebel group’s political spokesperson, …

M23 says ready to ‘withdraw’ in eastern DRC, yet clashes reported
2 years ago

M23 says ready to ‘withdraw’ in eastern DRC, yet clashes reported

Al Jazeera  

The armed group, which was absent from the latest peace talks, has requested a meeting with regional mediators over the continuing conflict. The M23 rebel group says it is ready to withdraw from occupied territory in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and will support regional peace-making efforts despite not being represented in talks. The Tutsi-led armed group widely seen …

UN mission denounces DR Congo ‘massacre’, calls for investigation
2 years ago

UN mission denounces DR Congo ‘massacre’, calls for investigation

Al Jazeera  

Peacekeeping mission condemns ‘appalling act’ as it calls for an immediate end to violence against civilians in the east. The UN’s peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has denounced the killings of 50 villagers allegedly by the M23 armed group in the country’s conflict-wracked east as it called for an investigation to “bring the perpetrators to justice”. …

DR Congo army accuses M23 rebels of killing 50 civilians
2 years ago

DR Congo army accuses M23 rebels of killing 50 civilians

Al Jazeera  

The armed forces say the rebel group also violated a five-day-old ceasefire in the east of the country. The armed forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo have accused the M23 rebel group and its allies of killing 50 civilians in the eastern town of Kishishe. General Sylvain Ekenge told the AFP news agency that M23 was “carrying out …

Talks begin on disarmament of rebel groups in eastern Congo
2 years ago

Talks begin on disarmament of rebel groups in eastern Congo

The Independent  

Sign up for the daily Inside Washington email for exclusive US coverage and analysis sent to your inbox Get our free Inside Washington email Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Please try again later {{ /verifyErrors }} The …

DRC schedules presidential elections for Dec 2023 amid M23 unrest
2 years ago

DRC schedules presidential elections for Dec 2023 amid M23 unrest

Al Jazeera  

The election, expected to cost $600m, comes amid ongoing violence by M23 rebels in the restive eastern region. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has said it will hold presidential and parliamentary elections on December 20, 2023, kicking off a year of complex preparations in the vast Central African country, large parts of which have been overrun by armed groups. …

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