The hunt for a universal Covid-19 vaccine
2 years, 4 months ago

The hunt for a universal Covid-19 vaccine

BBC  

The hunt for a universal Covid-19 vaccine Getty Images The first Covid-19 vaccines that work on all variants might be available as early as 2024. Getty Images Many coronaviruses that can infect humans, such as Mers, are in the beta genus Variant-proof vaccines All scientists agree that a truly universal vaccine, which could protect against every single coronavirus that might emerge in future, would be a genuinely game-changing moment for human health, especially in the wake of the devastation caused by the Sars, Mers and Sars-CoV-2 outbreaks of the last 20 years. "A universal coronavirus vaccine would be a tremendous advance," says Wayne Koff, president and CEO of the Human Vaccines Project. As a result, the first step towards a possible universal coronavirus vaccine is likely to be a so-called "variant-proof" vaccine, which aims to protect against all current and future strains of Sars-CoV-2 and help end the worst impacts of the pandemic. "We designed our vaccine to focus the immune system on a site of vulnerability for the virus, which is the receptor binding domain," says Kevin Saunders, director of research at the Duke Human Vaccine Institute.

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History of this topic

FDA advisers urge targeting JN.1 strain in recipe for fall’s COVID vaccines
6 months, 2 weeks ago

FDA advisers urge targeting JN.1 strain in recipe for fall’s COVID vaccines

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Government advisers Wednesday said it’s time to update the recipe for the COVID-19 vaccines Americans will receive in the fall -- targeting a version of the ever-evolving coronavirus called JN.1. But just a few months later, numerous offshoots of JN.1 already are on the rise, prompting Moderna and Pfizer to also test a slightly different vaccine formula targeting …

Updated COVID vaccines will be available later this week, recommended for everyone six months and up
1 year, 3 months ago

Updated COVID vaccines will be available later this week, recommended for everyone six months and up

Salon  

A new, fourth round of COVID-19 booster shots was approved Tuesday, following the recommendation of federal health agencies, which will make the vaccines available to Americans later this week. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention followed suit this afternoon, with CDC director Mandy Cohen recommending updated vaccination for "everyone 6 months and older to better protect you and your …

Moderna says updated COVID vaccine is effective against ‘highly-mutated’ BA.2.86 variant
1 year, 3 months ago

Moderna says updated COVID vaccine is effective against ‘highly-mutated’ BA.2.86 variant

Hindustan Times  

Moderna on Wednesday said clinical trial data showed its updated COVID-19 vaccine will likely be effective against the highly-mutated BA.2.86 subvariant of the coronavirus that has raised fears of a resurgence of infections. The Omicron offshoot carries more than 35 mutations in key portions of the virus compared with XBB.1.5, the dominant variant through most of 2023 and the target …

With coronavirus uptick, should I get a COVID shot? When are new vaccines available?
1 year, 4 months ago

With coronavirus uptick, should I get a COVID shot? When are new vaccines available?

LA Times  

The fall vaccination season is just around the corner, and officials are rolling out a new updated version of the COVID-19 vaccine. The fall vaccination season is just around the corner, and officials are set to roll out another updated version of the COVID-19 vaccine, as well as new tools to protect against RSV. Scientists say the 2023 COVID-19 vaccine …

Next round of COVID-19 shots in fall will target latest omicron strain
1 year, 6 months ago

Next round of COVID-19 shots in fall will target latest omicron strain

Associated Press  

NEW YORK — The next round of COVID-19 vaccines will target one of the latest versions of the coronavirus, the Food and Drug Administration said Friday. The agency told vaccine makers to provide protection against just one omicron strain, known as XBB.1.5. The three U.S. companies that make COVID-19 shots said this week they had geared up to make the …

COVID fourth dose might not work if…, expert on how to tackle new variant surge
1 year, 8 months ago

COVID fourth dose might not work if…, expert on how to tackle new variant surge

Live Mint  

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about many challenges, one of which is the emergence of new variants of the virus that can evade immunity conferred by existing vaccines. While booster doses can still reduce the severity of the disease, experts are of the opinion that it may be time for governments to start thinking about second-generation vaccines. And, one of …

FDA’s advisors back plan to simplify COVID-19 vaccinations
1 year, 10 months ago

FDA’s advisors back plan to simplify COVID-19 vaccinations

LA Times  

Syringes with COVDI-19 vaccines are prepared at a free public clinic in Lynwood last year. “We’re still protected against severe disease, thank goodness,” even after the latest Omicron strains cropped up, said FDA advisor Dr. Paul Offit, a vaccine expert at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. The first step: The FDA advisory panel voted unanimously that people should get the same …

As COVID-19 spikes in California, booster shots could make all the difference
2 years ago

As COVID-19 spikes in California, booster shots could make all the difference

LA Times  

With coronavirus cases and hospitalizations rising in Los Angeles County, officials are voicing new confidence in the effectiveness of the updated COVID-19 booster shot. New data has found that the updated COVID-19 vaccines offer “significant additional protection” against symptomatic infection in people who were previously vaccinated or boosted with the older formula. “We have seen very low uptake of the …

Covid booster shot campaign opens to everyone 12 and up
2 years, 1 month ago

Covid booster shot campaign opens to everyone 12 and up

NL Times  

Everyone aged 12 and older can now make an appointment for a repeat vaccination against the coronavirus, the RIVM and GGD reported. That means that everyone who qualifies for the booster shot can get one at a vaccination location. People aged 12 and older can get the repeat vaccination if it has been at least three months since their previous …

Experimental COVID-19 vaccine could outsmart future coronavirus variants
2 years, 3 months ago

Experimental COVID-19 vaccine could outsmart future coronavirus variants

LA Times  

A nurse prepares a syringe of COVID-19 vaccine. “We think of it as a one-time solution for all the COVID variants,” said Haitao Hu, an immunologist at the University of Texas Medical Branch and senior author of a study describing the vaccine in Wednesday’s edition of the journal Science Translational Medicine. The situation has forced scientists to play catch-up with …

U.S. authorizes updated COVID-19 boosters targeting newest variants
2 years, 3 months ago

U.S. authorizes updated COVID-19 boosters targeting newest variants

LA Times  

The U.S. on Wednesday authorized its first update to COVID-19 vaccines, booster doses that target today’s most common Omicron strains. “Give a clear, forward-looking set of expectations.” Here’s the rub: The original vaccines still offer strong protection against severe disease and death from COVID-19 for most generally healthy people, especially if they got that important first booster dose. First, FDA …

Tackling the new variants
2 years, 4 months ago

Tackling the new variants

Hindustan Times  

The first redesigned coronavirus vaccine was approved for use this week when authorities in the United Kingdom cleared a Moderna dose that the company adapted to create immunity against the Omicron variant. The vaccine is a 50-50 formulation of Moderna’s 2020 product, designed on the Sars-CoV-2 variant that first spread around the world, and of a new dose developed using …

Exclusive: Coming soon, second generation, variant specific anti-Covid vaccine
2 years, 5 months ago

Exclusive: Coming soon, second generation, variant specific anti-Covid vaccine

India Today  

The Centre has invested in developing a strain specific vaccine that would help in countering the changing nature of coronavirus. An official who facilitated developing this ecosystem for second generation vaccines told India Today that research and development work is underway to develop strain-specific vaccines in India. A bivalent vaccine will target the specific spike mutations seen in the Omicron …

Will Americans have the right COVID-19 vaccine this fall? Maybe
2 years, 5 months ago

Will Americans have the right COVID-19 vaccine this fall? Maybe

LA Times  

A man walks underneath the marquee of the Alex Theatre in Glendale. Determining which recipe should go into those doses to induce optimal protection — the vaccine’s “composition” — is an exercise in educated guesswork. Getting a timely and accurate fix on all this “is truly a challenge, and it is science at its hardest,” Dr. Peter Marks, the U.S. …

FDA advisers recommend updating COVID booster shots for fall
2 years, 5 months ago

FDA advisers recommend updating COVID booster shots for fall

Associated Press  

At least some U.S. adults may get updated COVID-19 shots this fall, as government advisers voted Tuesday that it’s time to tweak booster doses to better match the most recent virus variants. Their combination shots, what scientists call “bivalent” vaccines, substantially boosted levels of antibodies capable of fighting that variant, more than simply giving another dose of today’s vaccine. Marks …

FDA grapples with whether to modify COVID vaccine for fall
2 years, 5 months ago

FDA grapples with whether to modify COVID vaccine for fall

LA Times  

The Food and Drug Administration will debate Tuesday whether it’s time to update COVID vaccine formulas. “This is science at its toughest,” said FDA vaccine chief Dr. Peter Marks, adding that a final decision is expected within days of the advisory panel’s recommendation. In an analysis prepared for Tuesday’s meeting, FDA officials acknowledged targeting last winter’s version of Omicron is …

CEPI Ties Up With Bharat Biotech, Others to Make a 'Variant-Proof' COVID Vaccine
2 years, 7 months ago

CEPI Ties Up With Bharat Biotech, Others to Make a 'Variant-Proof' COVID Vaccine

The Quint  

"BBIL has successfully commercialised a universal COVID-19 vaccine for adults and children. The University of Sydney will provide a framework for pre-clinical assessment of vaccine candidates, together with access to Australia's world-class early phase clinical trial community," said Professor James Triccas, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney. "Our technological platform for innovative protein designs was used in …

Op-Ed: COVID vaccines need to be evolving much faster
2 years, 7 months ago

Op-Ed: COVID vaccines need to be evolving much faster

LA Times  

The virus that brought us COVID-19 is now going through accelerated evolution. The Omicron wave was by far the worst yet for the United States, with, at its peak, well over 1 million new cases a day, nearly 160,000 COVID-19 hospitalizations, and almost 4,000 deaths per day. Accordingly, in recent months since Omicron was first recognized in the United States …

Advisers to FDA weigh in on updated COVID boosters for the fall
2 years, 8 months ago

Advisers to FDA weigh in on updated COVID boosters for the fall

NPR  

Advisers to FDA weigh in on updated COVID boosters for the fall Enlarge this image toggle caption FREDERIC J. BROWN/AFP via Getty Images FREDERIC J. BROWN/AFP via Getty Images In a daylong virtual meeting, a panel of experts advising the Food and Drug Administration came out in general support of efforts to develop new COVID-19 vaccines tailored to variants. "Although …

COVID pills, a holy grail vaccine and 'immune fitness': Why there's a virus 'recalibration' coming
2 years, 10 months ago

COVID pills, a holy grail vaccine and 'immune fitness': Why there's a virus 'recalibration' coming

ABC  

Kerry Chant probably summed it up best: "All of us just want COVID to be gone." This means people should focus more on their "immune fitness" this year, Professor Jenkins says. Novavax is a "protein subunit" vaccine which means it introduces a part of the COVID virus to the immune system but it doesn't contain any live components of the …

Covid-19: What will it take to vaccinate the world?
2 years, 11 months ago

Covid-19: What will it take to vaccinate the world?

Hindustan Times  

This is one of a series of interviews by Bloomberg Opinion columnists on how to solve the world’s most pressing policy challenges. It will not provide very durable protection Clara Ferreira Marques: You’re a veteran advocate for global health, vaccines and tropical-disease control, and served as a U.S. science envoy during the Obama administration. The Texas Children’s Hospital Center for …

Early data of COVID-19 vaccine booster to tackle multiple variants shows promise
2 years, 11 months ago

Early data of COVID-19 vaccine booster to tackle multiple variants shows promise

Firstpost  

The yet-to-be peer-reviewed results also show the vaccine, being trialled with the anticipated involvement of 20 people aged 60 and over, was generally safe and well-tolerated. London: A COVID-19 vaccine booster aimed at tackling multiple coronavirus variants shows promise in inducing a comprehensive immune response, early data suggests. The initial phase one clinical data shows the vaccine has strong levels …

Multivariant Covid vaccine booster shows promise, early data suggests
2 years, 11 months ago

Multivariant Covid vaccine booster shows promise, early data suggests

India Today  

A Covid-19 vaccine booster aimed at tackling multiple coronavirus variants shows promise in inducing a comprehensive immune response, early data suggests. The initial phase one clinical data shows the vaccine has strong levels of neutralising antibodies, similar to approved mRNA vaccines, but at up to a 10-fold lower dose in the first 10 individuals. "These initial data with samRNA Covid …

As Omicron COVID cases continue to surge, the race is on to find a variant-proof vaccine
2 years, 11 months ago

As Omicron COVID cases continue to surge, the race is on to find a variant-proof vaccine

ABC  

In a state-of-the-art science lab, nestled into the genteel slopes of the NSW Southern Highlands, a group of genetically engineered mice have become frontline soldiers in the fight against COVID-19. "I think the best way to fight these variants is to develop a universal booster," Palmer says. “This was a pretty surprising and key finding and potentially suggests that maybe …

Omicron can evade protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines, antibody therapies, says study
3 years ago

Omicron can evade protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines, antibody therapies, says study

Firstpost  

The study, published in the journal Nature on Thursday, also highlights the need for new vaccines and treatments that anticipate how the SARS-CoV-2 virus may soon evolve. Washington: Omicron can evade the immune protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccines and natural infection, according to a peer-reviewed study which also suggests that the new variant of coronavirus is completely resistant to antibody …

COVID-19: Protein-based vaccines give hope
3 years ago

COVID-19: Protein-based vaccines give hope

The Hindu  

Many people who refuse to get vaccinated against COVID-19 say they don't trust the technology behind mRNA vaccines, such as in BioNTech-Pfizer and Moderna shots. Protein-based vaccines appear to offer a good level of protection against COVID-19 and produce fewer side effects than those existing and approved mRNA and vector-based vaccines. Urgently needed for global vaccine campaign Experts say protein-based …

UK scientists trial first needle-free air-powered COVID-19 vaccine
3 years ago

UK scientists trial first needle-free air-powered COVID-19 vaccine

Live Mint  

Scientists at the University of Cambridge on Tuesday began a clinical trial of a needle-free air-powered vaccine, which is expected to help combat future variants of COVID-19. "It’s vital that we continue to develop new generation vaccine candidates ready to help keep us safe from the next virus threats. Immunisation arms our immune system to look out for and block …

Experts Predict What COVID Vaccines Might Be Like In The Future
3 years ago

Experts Predict What COVID Vaccines Might Be Like In The Future

Huff Post  

Francesco Carta fotografo via Getty Images When the mRNA vaccines rolled out at the end of 2020, we were told it would be quick and simple to tweak the shots should new variants of concern appear. Even with omicron — a variant that may potentially chip away at the effectiveness of our shots to a degree — the original vaccines’ …

A different kind of COVID vaccine is about ready to roll
3 years ago

A different kind of COVID vaccine is about ready to roll

NPR  

A different kind of COVID vaccine is about ready to roll Enlarge this image toggle caption Karen Ducey/Getty Images Karen Ducey/Getty Images A new kind of COVID-19 vaccine is about to roll out around the world. Sponsor Message "We were assuming that the protein subunit vaccines would play a big role in accelerating development of a COVID vaccine," says Julie …

Omicron COVID-19 variant is a cause for concern, not panic: US President Joe Biden tells Americans
3 years ago

Omicron COVID-19 variant is a cause for concern, not panic: US President Joe Biden tells Americans

Firstpost  

When omicron arrives, and it will, Biden said, America will “face this new threat just as we’ve faced those that have come before it.” Washington: President Joe Biden called the new coronavirus variant omicron a cause for concern but “not a cause for panic" Monday and said he was not considering any widespread U.S. lockdown. When omicron arrives, and it …

Top UK scientist says new COVID-19 variant Omicron 'not a disaster', vaccination likely to protect
3 years ago

Top UK scientist says new COVID-19 variant Omicron 'not a disaster', vaccination likely to protect

The Hindu  

The new potentially highly-transmissible variant of COVID-19, named Omicron by the WHO, is not a disaster as vaccines are still likely to protect against the serious disease from it, a UK scientist, who advises the government, said on Saturday. Professor Calum Semple, a microbiologist from the UK government's Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies, struck a note of caution on the …

New wave of coronavirus infections next autumn seems unavoidable, experts say
3 years, 1 month ago

New wave of coronavirus infections next autumn seems unavoidable, experts say

NL Times  

Medical experts told NOS that a spike in coronavirus infections next fall is likely despite an increasing number of people fully vaccinated against Covid-19. Extra measures, such as face masks, to stop the spread of the coronavirus will continue to be part of daily life, the experts said. Yet, the experts said that additional measures to prevent the spread of …

EXPLAINED: Shield Against Multiple Variants, Newer Coronaviruses. What 2nd Gen Covid Shots Are Aiming At
3 years, 1 month ago

EXPLAINED: Shield Against Multiple Variants, Newer Coronaviruses. What 2nd Gen Covid Shots Are Aiming At

News 18  

Zydus Cadila’s ZyCoV-D vaccine does not need a needle prick to be administered, while Serum Institute of India is partnering the US-based Novavax for the production of what will be the first protein subunit vaccine against the novel coronavirus. But since these platforms were new and the virus they were fighting a “novel” one, there were still some unknowns that …

The Race Is On to Develop a Vaccine Against Every Coronavirus
3 years, 1 month ago

The Race Is On to Develop a Vaccine Against Every Coronavirus

Wired  

On October 21, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gave most of the US population permission to get a Covid vaccine booster—a shot in such high demand that 10 million people somehow obtained it in advance of that approval in an effort to feel a little safer. In a fistful of papers and preprints published in the past six …

Covid-19 vaccines may protect against other coronaviruses: Study
3 years, 2 months ago

Covid-19 vaccines may protect against other coronaviruses: Study

India Today  

Covid-19 vaccines and prior coronavirus infections can provide broad immunity against other, similar coronaviruses, according to a study. The study found that plasma from humans who had been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 produced antibodies that were cross-reactive, or provided protection, against SARS-CoV-1 and the common cold coronavirus. Mice that had been immunised with Covid-19 vaccines and later were exposed to the …

EXPLAINED: Alpha To Delta, One Shot To Beat Them All. Why Multivariant Jabs Could Be Future Of Covid Fight
3 years, 2 months ago

EXPLAINED: Alpha To Delta, One Shot To Beat Them All. Why Multivariant Jabs Could Be Future Of Covid Fight

News 18  

New and emerging variants of the novel coronavirus are seen as being able to dodge antibodies acquired either through vaccination or prior infection. While updated vaccines and additional shots are an option to counter potential future outbreaks — much like how existing vaccines are updated against the seasonal influenza — a single jab that is targeted towards multiple variants can …

Coronavirus update: Latest Covid-19 vaccine and US reopening news
3 years, 3 months ago

Coronavirus update: Latest Covid-19 vaccine and US reopening news

CNN  

The current evidence on Covid-19 vaccines does not appear to support a need for booster shots in the general public right now, according to an international group of vaccine scientists, including some from the US Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. The FDA and other public health agencies around the world continue to examine evidence on Covid-19 …

Q&A on booster shots and COVID-19 variants
3 years, 3 months ago

Q&A on booster shots and COVID-19 variants

China Daily  

The National Health Commission has responded to key public concerns about COVID-19 booster shots and vaccine effectiveness amid a global resurgence of novel coronavirus and its variants in recent weeks. Those at higher risk of contracting the virus, such as port, customs, aviation and health workers, those over 60 years old and individuals with weak immune systems, and people planning …

Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections: What Vaccinated People Need To Know
3 years, 5 months ago

Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections: What Vaccinated People Need To Know

Huff Post  

tommy via Getty Images Perfection wasn't the goal of the COVID-19 vaccines -- preventing hospitalization and death was. “Of course, you’re going to hear stories here and there of people who are fully vaccinated and catch COVID because there are a lot of us out there who are fully vaccinated,” said Megan Ranney, an associate professor of emergency medicine and …

New universal coronavirus vaccine may help prevent future pandemics
3 years, 6 months ago

New universal coronavirus vaccine may help prevent future pandemics

India TV News  

Scientists have developed a universal vaccine that protected mice not just against COVID-19 but also other coronaviruses while triggering the immune system to fight off a dangerous variant. To prevent a future coronavirus pandemic, the team designed the vaccine to provide protection from the current SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and a group of coronaviruses known to make the jump from animals to …

Pfizer, Moderna vaccines effective against COVID-19 variants found in India: Study
3 years, 7 months ago

Pfizer, Moderna vaccines effective against COVID-19 variants found in India: Study

India TV News  

The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna coronavirus vaccines appear to protect against COVID variants B.1.617 and B.1.618 first identified in India, researchers have reported in a new pre-print paper, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, CNN reported. "Thus, there is a good reason to believe that vaccinated individuals will remain protected against the B.1.617 and B.1.618 variants," the researchers from New York …

EU Agency Says Covid Vaccines Like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna 'Promising' Against Double variant
3 years, 7 months ago

EU Agency Says Covid Vaccines Like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna 'Promising' Against Double variant

News 18  

Coronavirus vaccines using mRNA technology like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna appear able to “neutralise” the variant of Covid-19 behind India’s outbreak, the EU’s drug watchdog said on Wednesday. “The data seems to be rather reassuring on the fact that at least the messenger RNA vaccines will be able to neutralise this variant, at least to an extent that will guarantee sufficient …

Confidence grows that COVID-19 vaccines hold their own against variants
3 years, 7 months ago

Confidence grows that COVID-19 vaccines hold their own against variants

LA Times  

Confidence is growing that COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. are holding their own against the coronavirus variants now in circulation. “Everything we’ve seen with the variants should provide marked reassurance, as far as the protection that is afforded by vaccines — particularly the vaccines that we have in the United States,” said Dr. Eric Topol, director of …

COVID-19 vaccines work well against California variant, scientists say
3 years, 8 months ago

COVID-19 vaccines work well against California variant, scientists say

LA Times  

As the California coronavirus variant continues to spread across the Golden State and beyond, new research suggests that several vaccines should continue to provide an effective defense against it. “We’re not expecting this variant to be a problem for the vaccines — so that’s really good news,” said study leader David Montefiori, a virologist at Duke University. A team of …

Mutations could render Covid vaccines ineffective in a year: Experts
3 years, 8 months ago

Mutations could render Covid vaccines ineffective in a year: Experts

India TV News  

Mutations could render current Covid-19 vaccines ineffective in a year or less, according to two-thirds of 77 epidemiologists, virologists and infectious disease specialists from 28 countries surveyed by People's Vaccine Alliance. The overwhelming majority - 88 per cent -- said that persistent low vaccine coverage in many countries would make it more likely for vaccine resistant mutations to appear. Nearly …

Scientists fear emergence of vaccine-evading Covid mutations within next year
3 years, 8 months ago

Scientists fear emergence of vaccine-evading Covid mutations within next year

The Independent  

Sign up for our free Health Check email to receive exclusive analysis on the week in health Get our free Health Check email Get our free Health Check email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy New coronavirus mutations could emerge within the next year that significantly …

Vaccines may need regular updates as coronavirus evolves: study
3 years, 8 months ago

Vaccines may need regular updates as coronavirus evolves: study

The Hindu  

Scientists have assessed the course of evolution of seasonal human coronaviruses and predicted that COVID-19 vaccines currently in use across the world may need regular updates to counter new variants of the virus which are capable of escaping the body's protective antibodies. "An asymmetrical tree of this kind likely results from the repeated replacement of one circulating virus variant by …

Better covid vaccines are coming, WHO’s chief scientist says
3 years, 9 months ago

Better covid vaccines are coming, WHO’s chief scientist says

Live Mint  

New Covid-19 vaccines, including ones that don’t require needles and can be stored at room temperature, may be ready for use later this year or next year, the World Health Organization’s top scientist said. Six-to-eight new immunizations may complete clinical studies and undergo regulatory review by the end of the year, Soumya Swaminathan, the Geneva-based agency’s chief scientist, said in …

When Will We Need COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters? Here's What We Know So Far.
3 years, 9 months ago

When Will We Need COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters? Here's What We Know So Far.

Huff Post  

HRAUN via Getty Images Scientists are studying booster COVID-19 shots that could protect against emerging variants. Though experts are hopeful that we’ll reach herd immunity eventually, there are still questions about the need for booster shots and how long our current immunizations will last. Data shows both vaccines are still incredibly effective at protecting against COVID-19 for at least six …

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