Paris Olympics Swimming Test Competition in Seine Cancelled Due to Pollution
1 year, 5 months ago

Paris Olympics Swimming Test Competition in Seine Cancelled Due to Pollution

News 18  

The pre-Olympics swimming test competition due to take place Sunday in the Seine in Paris has been cancelled due to pollution of the river, the international swimming federation said after analysis of the latest water samples. Following recent heavy rainfall, “water quality in the Seine has remained below acceptable standards for safeguarding swimmers’ health,” World Aquatics said in a statement on Sunday. “World Aquatics is disappointed that water quality in the Seine has resulted in the cancellation of the World Aquatics Open Water Swimming World Cup, but the health of our athletes must always be our top priority,” said World Aquatics president Husain Al Musallam. “World Aquatics remains excited at the prospect of city-centre Olympic racing for the world’s best open water swimmers next summer,” it said.

World Swimming Water Quality Paris Seine Tokyo Olympics World Aquatics Test Water  tokyo  olympics  open  paris  seine  aquatics  swimmers  pollution  test  water  cancelled  competition  world  quality  swimming

History of this topic

Paralympic triathlon events are postponed for a day because of poor water quality in the Seine River
4 months, 1 week ago

Paralympic triathlon events are postponed for a day because of poor water quality in the Seine River

Associated Press  

PARIS — Paralympic triathlon competitions in Paris scheduled for Sunday were postponed for a day because of concerns about water quality in the Seine River after heavy rainfall, organizers said. The 11 para triathlon events are now scheduled for Monday, the Paris 2024 organizing committee and World Triathlon said in a joint statement. While organizers awaited new test results, Rabadan …

Seine Water Quality Issues Resurface For Paralympics
4 months, 1 week ago

Seine Water Quality Issues Resurface For Paralympics

Huff Post  

LOADING ERROR LOADING PARIS — Concerns over water quality in the Seine River resurfaced at the Paralympic Games on Thursday when organizers changed the schedule for para triathlon races. All 11 medal events are to be held on one day, Sept. 1, instead of two as originally planned, Paris 2024 organizers said in a statement. The organizers said the river’s …

Paris Olympics 2024: River Seine, fickle star of the Games
4 months, 4 weeks ago

Paris Olympics 2024: River Seine, fickle star of the Games

Firstpost  

Winding its way through the centre of Paris, past famed attractions such as the Invalides, Place de la Concorde, and the Grand Palais, river Seine sparkled. AP The River Seine was the fickle star of the Paris Olympics, taking centre stage at the opening ceremony and open water swimming and triathlon events despite a running saga over water quality. “Dantesque …

Three German open water swimmers fall ill after Olympic races in the Seine River
4 months, 4 weeks ago

Three German open water swimmers fall ill after Olympic races in the Seine River

The Hindu  

Three German swimmers became ill after competing in the open water races at the Paris Olympics, though it was not immediately clear if the long-polluted Seine River was responsible for their sickness. The German committee said in its statement that three of its athletes became ill. “Two female German open water swimmers were treated as outpatients for nausea, vomiting and …

German open water athlete falls ill after swimming in the Seine River
4 months, 4 weeks ago

German open water athlete falls ill after swimming in the Seine River

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Please try again later {{ …

Cleaning up the Seine: the Olympics boosts a Parisian dream, but it’s still far from fully achieved
4 months, 4 weeks ago

Cleaning up the Seine: the Olympics boosts a Parisian dream, but it’s still far from fully achieved

Associated Press  

PARIS — The Seine River has been one of the stars of the Olympics — whether as the scene of the ambitious opening ceremony or as the Games’ choice for the triathlon and marathon swimming competitions. French President Emmanuel Macron claimed victory following the Olympic triathlon tests, calling it “a fabulous legacy for the Paris region’s residents who will be …

Paris Olympics: The dirty Seine is making people sick because of its pollution. But is it really to blame?
55 years ago

Paris Olympics: The dirty Seine is making people sick because of its pollution. But is it really to blame?

Slate  

Olympics Jerk Watch is a long-running feature that subjectively rates the jerkiness of the biggest stars of the Summer and Winter games. Imagine being in Paris on a hot summer afternoon, walking along the banks of the Seine and wanting nothing more than to cool yourself with a quick plunge in its refreshing waters; imagine knowing that you can’t actually …

Amid concerns about dirty water and strong current, marathon swimmers dive into the Seine River
5 months ago

Amid concerns about dirty water and strong current, marathon swimmers dive into the Seine River

Associated Press  

PARIS — A bridge lined with ornate statues overlooks an Olympic open water course like no other. But, of course, you’re concerned because no one wants to get ill.” Auboeck can certainly see the appeal of holding open water in the Seine, the river that slices through one of the world’s most picturesque cities. It’s the real results,” said Britta …

Paris 2024 Olympics: Marathon swimming familiarisation session to go ahead on Wednesday
5 months ago

Paris 2024 Olympics: Marathon swimming familiarisation session to go ahead on Wednesday

The Hindu  

The familiarisation session for the Paris Olympics marathon swimming event in the Seine river will go ahead as scheduled on Wednesday after water quality tests met thresholds, organisers said. A meeting was held on water quality early on Wednesday and attended by representatives from World Aquatics, Paris Games organisers and other stakeholders involved in carrying out the tests. reviewed during …

Paris Olympics 2024: Marathon swim test cancelled over water quality concerns in Seine river
5 months ago

Paris Olympics 2024: Marathon swim test cancelled over water quality concerns in Seine river

Firstpost  

The cancellation of Tuesday’s marathon swimming test event comes a day after the triathlon mixed relay event was held in the river that runs through the center of the French capital. Water samples drawn early Monday showed E. coli levels ranging from “good” to “very good” at four collection points in the river, World Aquatics said. AP Paris: A test …

Marathon swimming training cancelled as concern over River Seine water quality continues
5 months ago

Marathon swimming training cancelled as concern over River Seine water quality continues

The Independent  

Sign up to our free sport newsletter for all the latest news on everything from cycling to boxing Sign up to our free sport email for all the latest news Sign up to our free sport email for all the latest news SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our …

Olympic marathon swim test run is canceled over water quality concerns for Seine River
5 months ago

Olympic marathon swim test run is canceled over water quality concerns for Seine River

Associated Press  

PARIS — A test run meant to allow Olympic athletes to familiarize themselves with the marathon swimming course in the Seine River was canceled Tuesday over concerns about water quality in the Paris waterway. The cancellation of Tuesday’s marathon swimming test event comes a day after the triathlon mixed relay event was held in the river that runs through the …

Olympic marathon swim test run is canceled over water quality concerns for Seine River
5 months ago

Olympic marathon swim test run is canceled over water quality concerns for Seine River

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy A test run meant to …

Paris 2024 Olympics: Open water training in River Seine for marathon swimming cancelled, organisers say
5 months ago

Paris 2024 Olympics: Open water training in River Seine for marathon swimming cancelled, organisers say

The Hindu  

The marathon swimming familiarisation session scheduled for Tuesday in the river Seine has been cancelled, Paris 2024 Olympics organisers said. “After the daily situation meeting this morning between Ville de Paris, Paris 2024 and World Aquatics, it has been decided that the familiarisation session to take place today, 6 August 2024, is cancelled,” World Aquatics said in a statement. Training …

Paris organisers scrap Olympic open water swim training in polluted Seine
5 months ago

Paris organisers scrap Olympic open water swim training in polluted Seine

Al Jazeera  

Athletes competing in the upcoming Olympic marathon swimming events repeatedly face training delays due to water quality issues in the River Seine. Paris Olympics organisers said that training for open water swimming in the River Seine had been cancelled due to pollution, raising questions over why triathletes were allowed to use the waterway the day before. The decision is the …

Is the Seine safe for Olympians to swim in?
5 months ago

Is the Seine safe for Olympians to swim in?

Salon  

The Seine has been a central feature of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, beginning with the memorable opening ceremony. The test run is meant to grant Olympic swimmers the ability to learn the marathon swimming course but the exercise was canceled by World Aquatics, the international body recognized by the International Olympic Committee, The Associated Press reported. Fluctuating bacteria levels …

Belgium athlete falls ill after competing in River Siene, team pulls out of mixed relay triathlon as concerns grow
5 months ago

Belgium athlete falls ill after competing in River Siene, team pulls out of mixed relay triathlon as concerns grow

Hindustan Times  

On Sunday, Belgium's Olympic committee pulled the team from the mixed relay triathlon after one of their athletes, Claire Michel, who swam in the Seine, fell ill. She participated in the women's triathlon in Paris last Wednesday. The Paris 2024 organizers maintained that the Seine's water quality was "very good" on the day of the individual triathlons, with daily water …

Paris Olympic Triathlon Mixed Relay Gets Underway With Swims in Seine Amid Water Quality Concerns
5 months ago

Paris Olympic Triathlon Mixed Relay Gets Underway With Swims in Seine Amid Water Quality Concerns

News 18  

Olympic triathletes plunged into the Seine River Monday morning as the mixed relay event got underway after organizers said the bacteria levels in the long-polluted Paris waterway were at acceptable levels. Representatives from World Triathlon and the International Olympic Committee along with Paris Games organizers and regional and weather authorities met Sunday night to review water tests. The decision to …

After water quality concerns canceled test runs, Olympic triathletes plunge into the Seine for relay
5 months ago

After water quality concerns canceled test runs, Olympic triathletes plunge into the Seine for relay

Associated Press  

PARIS — Olympic triathletes plunged into the Seine River for the mixed relay event Monday after organizers said bacteria levels in the long-polluted Paris waterway were at acceptable levels. The decision to allow the event to go forward with swims in the Seine came after Belgium’s Olympic committee announced Sunday that it would withdraw its team from the mixed relay …

Germany wins Olympic team relay triathlon
5 months ago

Germany wins Olympic team relay triathlon

New Indian Express  

PARIS: Germany won gold in the mixed triathlon relay on Monday at the Paris Olympics, with the build-up to the event marred by news that a Belgian athlete had fallen sick after swimming in the Seine last week. The relay is a four-person sprint triathlon, with two men and two women completing a 300-metre swim, a seven-kilometre bike ride and …

More Olympians are set to compete in the Seine River. Here’s the latest on water quality concerns
5 months ago

More Olympians are set to compete in the Seine River. Here’s the latest on water quality concerns

Associated Press  

PARIS — At the Paris Olympics, whether the water quality in the Seine River is safe enough to host some swimming events has been a major question. “When we see E. coli in the water, it indicates that other types of pathogens and other bacteria, viruses may also be in the water.” Testing helps organizers assess the risk to athletes, …

More Olympians are set to compete in the Seine River. Here's the latest on water quality concerns
5 months ago

More Olympians are set to compete in the Seine River. Here's the latest on water quality concerns

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. “When we see E. coli in the water, it …

Olympic athletes have a new worry about the Seine, and it’s not the pollution
5 months ago

Olympic athletes have a new worry about the Seine, and it’s not the pollution

LA Times  

People have been living along the Seine for more than 3,000 years and they’ve been dumping trash, human waste and whatever else they want to get rid of into the river for much of that time. It wasn’t so easy to swim in the Seine,” Cassandre Beaugrand of France, winner of the women’s triathlon, said of the currents, which were …

Seine unsafe for Olympic triathlon swimmers: Risks of swimming in polluted water
5 months, 1 week ago

Seine unsafe for Olympic triathlon swimmers: Risks of swimming in polluted water

Hindustan Times  

Olympic swimming events in Paris’ Seine river have been postponed due to health concerns. The men's Olympic triathlon planned for Tuesday has been postponed over concerns about water quality in Paris' Seine river, where the swimming portion of the race was supposed to take place. Seine E. coli levels a health concern Water tests from the Eau de Paris monitoring …

Paris 2024 Olympics: Triathlon races to go ahead on Wednesday as Seine passes water quality tests
5 months, 1 week ago

Paris 2024 Olympics: Triathlon races to go ahead on Wednesday as Seine passes water quality tests

The Hindu  

Organisers cleared the Olympic women’s and men’s triathlons to go ahead on Wednesday after the latest Seine river water tests showed lower levels of bacteria, ending days of uncertainty over whether the central Paris swim was viable after heavy rains. “The results of the latest water analyses, received at 3.20 a.m., have been assessed as compliant by World Triathlon allowing …

Olympic triathletes swim in Seine River after days of concerns about water quality
5 months, 1 week ago

Olympic triathletes swim in Seine River after days of concerns about water quality

Associated Press  

PARIS — Olympic triathletes dove into the Seine River on Wednesday after organizers declared the water in Paris safe for swimming following days of concerns about elevated bacteria levels caused by heavy rains last week. For her part, Beaugrand said she wasn’t very worried about swimming in the Seine “because we swam last year and no one was sick after …

Olympic triathletes will swim in Paris’ Seine River after days of concerns about water quality
5 months, 1 week ago

Olympic triathletes will swim in Paris’ Seine River after days of concerns about water quality

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Please try again later {{ …

Fans and athletes blast Paris Olympic Games organisers for a lack of cold water as temperatures in French capital reach a scorching 37C
5 months, 1 week ago

Fans and athletes blast Paris Olympic Games organisers for a lack of cold water as temperatures in French capital reach a scorching 37C

Daily Mail  

There was fresh humiliation for Games’ organisers last night after sweltering fans and athletes blasted the lack of cold water as concerns about E.coli in the River Siene led to the men’s triathlon being postponed. In the early hours of Sunday morning, a pre-race triathlon event due to take place in the Seine was cancelled due to water quality concerns …

Paris Olympics water sports: What events should move to the Seine, like the opening ceremony?
55 years ago

Paris Olympics water sports: What events should move to the Seine, like the opening ceremony?

Slate  

This is part of Slate’s 2024 Olympics coverage. The downside: If you put team handball in the Seine, then it just becomes water polo, and—Flavor Flav’s patronage notwithstanding—water polo is even less popular than team handball. You’d line a bunch of little boats up in the Seine, and instead of jumping over hurdles, the competitors would jump from the bow …

Here’s what to know about Seine River water quality during the Paris Olympics
5 months, 1 week ago

Here’s what to know about Seine River water quality during the Paris Olympics

The Hindu  

Swimming has been off-limits in the long-polluted Seine River in Paris for more than a century. Here are key things to know: Paris, like many old cities around the world, has a combined sewer system, which means that the city’s wastewater and stormwater flow through the same pipes. To prepare for the Paris Games, the city built a giant basin …

Here’s what to know about Seine River water quality during the Paris Olympics
5 months, 1 week ago

Here’s what to know about Seine River water quality during the Paris Olympics

Associated Press  

Swimming has been off-limits in the long-polluted Seine River in Paris for more than a century. To prepare for the Paris Games, the city built a giant basin to capture excess rainwater and keep untreated waste from flowing into the river, renovated the sewage system and upgraded water treatment plants. “The city of Paris has done a lot of work …

Paris Olympics confirm SECOND event is postponed, just hours before it was meant to begin - after triathlon was delayed due to concerns over Seine's water quality
5 months, 1 week ago

Paris Olympics confirm SECOND event is postponed, just hours before it was meant to begin - after triathlon was delayed due to concerns over Seine's water quality

Daily Mail  

Paris Olympics chiefs have confirmed that a second event has been postponed, just four days into the tournament. The 2024 Games were dealt a major blow on Tuesday morning when the triathlon event was forced to be postponed - due to concerns over the Seine's water quality. The Paris Olympics have confirmed that the heats in the surfing have been …

Men’s Olympic triathlon postponed in Paris over Seine water quality concerns
5 months, 1 week ago

Men’s Olympic triathlon postponed in Paris over Seine water quality concerns

Associated Press  

PARIS — Olympics organizers are banking on the sun and scorching temperatures to improve the water quality of the Seine River enough for triathletes to swim in it. “But I hope we can have a triathlon and I can accomplish this dream that I’ve had since I was a little kid.” Aurélie Merle, the Paris 2024 director of sports, told …

Men’s Olympic triathlon is postponed due to concerns over water quality in Paris’ Seine River
5 months, 1 week ago

Men’s Olympic triathlon is postponed due to concerns over water quality in Paris’ Seine River

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy The men's Olympic triathlon planned …

Surprise! Olympians in Paris finally swim and compete in the Seine
5 months, 1 week ago

Surprise! Olympians in Paris finally swim and compete in the Seine

LA Times  

After days of water-quality concerns caused by heavy rains last week put the swimming portion of the Olympic triathlons in doubt, the women dived into the Seine River early Wednesday, followed by the men a few hours later. Paris organizers couldn’t contain their delight that their gamble of holding Olympic events in the long-toxic river was paying off, with the …

Paris Olympics: Swimming training cancelled for a second day over Seine water quality
5 months, 1 week ago

Paris Olympics: Swimming training cancelled for a second day over Seine water quality

The Hindu  

Paris Olympics organisers cancelled the triathlon swimming training session for the second day in a row on Monday, with 24 hours to go until the men's race, after heavy rain affected water quality levels in the Seine. The women's individual race is scheduled for Wednesday, also at 8 a.m. A swimmable Seine is a key legacy Games organisers aim to …

Triathlon cancels Olympic swim training for the second day over poor water quality in the Seine
5 months, 1 week ago

Triathlon cancels Olympic swim training for the second day over poor water quality in the Seine

Associated Press  

PARIS — Concerns about the water quality in the Seine River led officials to call off the swimming portion of an Olympic triathlon training session for a second straight day Monday. World Triathlon made the decision to cancel the swim workout early Monday following a meeting over water quality in the Seine, which is closely linked to the weather. The …

Is the swimming pool in Paris too shallow? Why no world records have been set at Olympics – yet
5 months, 1 week ago

Is the swimming pool in Paris too shallow? Why no world records have been set at Olympics – yet

The Telegraph  

No world records have been set in swimming at the Olympics so far and in the men’s 100m breaststroke final, not a single competitor would have finished better than eighth at the Tokyo Games in 2021. A generational talent like Leon Marchand, who took gold in the men’s 400m medley so memorably on Sunday, did manage to break the Olympic …

Men’s Olympic triathlon postponed amid Seine River water quality concerns
5 months, 1 week ago

Men’s Olympic triathlon postponed amid Seine River water quality concerns

LA Times  

Watercraft and buoys sit along the Seine River near the triathlon event venue on the Pont Alexandre III bridge on Sunday in Paris. The men’s Olympic triathlon planned for Tuesday has been postponed over concerns about water quality in Paris’ Seine River, where the swimming portion of the race was supposed to take place. Paris made an enormous effort to …

The curious case of Paris’s £150m Olympic Aquatic Centre – which won’t host a single swimming race
5 months, 1 week ago

The curious case of Paris’s £150m Olympic Aquatic Centre – which won’t host a single swimming race

The Independent  

One of the defining features of Paris’s bid to host the Olympic Games was its simplicity: this great city already had the facilities required to host, and so many of the problems associated with building new venues – the spiralling costs, the environmental demands, the white elephants left scattered a decade later – would not be in play. The proposal …

Paris officials are confident water quality will improve to let Olympians swim in the Seine
5 months, 1 week ago

Paris officials are confident water quality will improve to let Olympians swim in the Seine

Associated Press  

PARIS — The swimming portion of a practice run for the Olympic triathlon was canceled Sunday because of concerns about water quality in the Seine River, but Paris officials said they’re confident that triathletes will be able to swim in the city’s famed waterway during the actual events this coming week. “We are still very confident with the weather forecast …

Olympics organisers cancel first triathlon training over Seine pollution
5 months, 1 week ago

Olympics organisers cancel first triathlon training over Seine pollution

New Indian Express  

PARIS: The first training session for triathletes at the Paris Olympics was scrapped Sunday due to pollution in the River Seine, organisers said. Following a meeting "on the water quality" and tests, "a joint decision was taken to cancel the swimming part of the triathlon orientation," a Paris 2024 and World Triathlon statement said. Organisers blamed rain in recent days …

Olympics pre-race triathlon event in Seine River cancelled over water quality concerns
5 months, 1 week ago

Olympics pre-race triathlon event in Seine River cancelled over water quality concerns

New Indian Express  

FRANCE: Concerns over the water quality of Paris' Seine River have continued into the 2024 Olympics, with a pre-race triathlon event there cancelled Sunday. Organizers said they nixed the swimming leg of the triathlon familiarization scheduled for Sunday morning after a meeting about water quality among authorities tasked with carrying out water quality tests. Organizers have invested $1.5 billion to …

Olympic triathletes hope the Seine River is clean enough for swimming after recent rains
5 months, 1 week ago

Olympic triathletes hope the Seine River is clean enough for swimming after recent rains

Associated Press  

PARIS — Days before they’re set to plunge into the Seine River during the Paris Olympics, triathletes held out hope Saturday that the famous waterway’s bacteria levels would be safe enough for swimming. “We actually raced here last year in the test event, and I don’t think anyone got sick after the race, so that can’t be said about all …

Latest tests show Seine water quality was substandard when Paris mayor took a dip
5 months, 2 weeks ago

Latest tests show Seine water quality was substandard when Paris mayor took a dip

Associated Press  

Tests results released Friday showed the water quality in the River Seine was slightly below the standards needed to authorize swimming — just as the Paris Olympics start. Heavy rain during the opening ceremony revived concerns over whether the long-polluted waterway will be clean enough to host swimming competitions, since water quality is deeply linked with the weather in the …

Is the River Seine clean for Olympic swimming? Paris mayor takes a dip to prove a point
5 months, 2 weeks ago

Is the River Seine clean for Olympic swimming? Paris mayor takes a dip to prove a point

The Independent  

Sign up to our free sport newsletter for all the latest news on everything from cycling to boxing Sign up to our free sport email for all the latest news Sign up to our free sport email for all the latest news SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Wearing a …

The Weird Sports That Were Once Actually In The Olympics
5 months, 2 weeks ago

The Weird Sports That Were Once Actually In The Olympics

Huff Post  

LOADING ERROR LOADING The Olympics has hosted its fair share of quirky, wild events. DIMITAR DILKOFF via Getty Images Live Pigeon Shooting In what would have been an animal rights activist’s worst nightmare, almost 300 birds were reportedly killed when the live pigeon shooting event made its only Olympic appearance at the Paris Games in 1900. Ashley Cooper via Getty …

Seine swimming: Parisian tradition revived at Olympics
5 months, 3 weeks ago

Seine swimming: Parisian tradition revived at Olympics

The Hindu  

Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo took the plunge on July 17 when she jumped into the river Seine in Paris to show the water was clean enough to host Olympic swimming events starting later this month. By the end of the century Seine swimming remained popular, with floating pools installed along the banks. Current Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo revived the dream …

Paris mayor swims in Seine to prove water purity for Games
5 months, 3 weeks ago

Paris mayor swims in Seine to prove water purity for Games

China Daily  

Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo and President of the Paris 2024 Olympics and Paralympics Organising Committee Tony Estanguet swim in the Seine to demonstrate that the river is clean enough to host the outdoor swimming events at the Paris Olympics later this month in Paris, France July 17, 2024. PARIS - Anne Hidalgo, mayor of Paris, the city that is to …

Paris mayor swims in Seine to prove it is clean enough for Olympic Games
5 months, 3 weeks ago

Paris mayor swims in Seine to prove it is clean enough for Olympic Games

China Daily  

Xinhua | Updated: 2024-07-18 06:10 Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo swims in the Seine River less than 10 days before the opening of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games in Paris, France, July 17, 2024. PARIS -- Anne Hidalgo, mayor of Paris, the city that is to host the upcoming Olympic Games, swam on Wednesday in the Seine to assure the …

Discover Related