Shop prices hit highest rate of inflation in almost 14 years
2 years, 5 months ago

Shop prices hit highest rate of inflation in almost 14 years

The Independent  

Get the free Morning Headlines email for news from our reporters across the world Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Shop prices have hit their highest rate of inflation in almost 14 years as businesses grapple with soaring supply chain costs and a cut in household spending, figures show. Last month households and businesses were hit by the highest rate of inflation since the 1980s Helen Dickinson, BRC The figures follow the Office for National Statistics reporting that inflation as measured by the consumer prices index rose from 9% in April to 9.1% last month, a level unseen since February 1982, amid record prices for petrol and the soaring cost of food. British Retail Consortium CEO Helen Dickinson said: “Last month households and businesses were hit by the highest rate of inflation since the 1980s as near-record commodity prices in energy, transport and food filtered through the supply chain. and seek out retailers where prices are the lowest Mike Watkins, NielsenIQ “Retailers are working to find more ways to protect their customers from the worst effects of inflation, but if costs continue to spiral, Government may need to find ways to help retail businesses support their customers.” Mike Watkins, head of retailer and business insight at NielsenIQ, said:“Whilst the fast-moving consumer goods industry is more insulated from any downturn in consumer expenditure, food retailing is not immune.

Food Inflation Costs Prices Rate Businesses Shop Highest Brc Highest Rate Shop Prices  shop  inflation  prices  14  hit  cut  highest  supply  costs  rate  businesses  retailers  food

History of this topic

U.S. consumer spending rises in November; monthly inflation subsides
3 days, 16 hours ago

U.S. consumer spending rises in November; monthly inflation subsides

The Hindu  

U.S. consumer spending increased in November, underscoring the economy's enduring strength, which prompted the Federal Reserve this week to project fewer interest rate cuts in 2025 than it had three months ago. Consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of U.S. economic activity, rose 0.4% last month after a downwardly revised 0.3% gain in October, the Commerce Department's Bureau …

Where inflation accelerated in November – and where it eased
6 days, 19 hours ago

Where inflation accelerated in November – and where it eased

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Some products swung the other way last month, from …

U.K. Inflation rises further above Bank of England's target in November
1 week ago

U.K. Inflation rises further above Bank of England's target in November

The Hindu  

Inflation in the U.K. has risen to its highest level since March, driven by an increase in fuel prices last month, official figures showed on Wednesday. Rate-setters had anticipated a pick-up in inflation when the central bank last cut rates in early November as price pressures eased earlier in the year — in September, inflation had fallen to its lowest …

UK inflation increase solidifies expectations interest rates will be kept on hold
1 week ago

UK inflation increase solidifies expectations interest rates will be kept on hold

Associated Press  

LONDON — Inflation in the U.K. rose to its highest level in eight months during November, official figures showed Wednesday, a development that has cemented market expectations that the Bank of England will opt against cutting borrowing costs this week. It said stubbornly high inflation in the crucial services sector, which accounts for around 80% of the U.K. economy, and …

Inflation rises AGAIN to its highest level since March: Price rises hit 2.6 per cent driven by spikes in the cost of petrol and fags to increase pressure on Chancellor Rachel Reeves
Trending News
1 week ago

Inflation rises AGAIN to its highest level since March: Price rises hit 2.6 per cent driven by spikes in the cost of petrol and fags to increase pressure on Chancellor Rachel Reeves

Daily Mail  

Inflation rose for the second month in a row in November, hitting 2.6 per cent to further increase pressure on Labour Chancellor Rachel Reeves over her Budget's impact on the country. Spikes in petrol and tobacco prices drove CPI to 2.6 per cent, up from 2.3 per cent in October, the Office for National Statistics said. Ms Reeves said: 'I …

India’s wholesale inflation dips to 1.89% in November after hitting four-month high in October
Trending News
1 week, 2 days ago

India’s wholesale inflation dips to 1.89% in November after hitting four-month high in October

Firstpost  

Headline retail inflation, the key target for the Reserve Bank of India’s monetary policy decisions, eased to 5.48% in November, down from 6.21% in the prior month India’s wholesale inflation slowed in November to 1.89% year-on-year, easing from the previous month, due to a smaller increase in food prices, government data showed on Monday. The wholesale inflation rate, a proxy …

Wholesale food inflation cooled to 8.9% in November from 25-month high of 11.6%
Trending News
1 week, 2 days ago

Wholesale food inflation cooled to 8.9% in November from 25-month high of 11.6%

The Hindu  

India’s wholesale prices rose at a three-month low pace of 1.89% in November, easing from October’s 2.4% uptick, with food price inflation decelerating to 8.9% from a 25-month high of 11.6% in the previous month, even as manufactured products’ inflation accelerated to 2%. EDITORIAL | Price worries: On inflation Among manufactured products, some of the important groups that showed month-over-month …

Food prices are on the rise again. What’s behind the increase
1 week, 3 days ago

Food prices are on the rise again. What’s behind the increase

CNN  

Rochester, Minnesota CNN — On the Sunday before Thanksgiving, a grocery store here was plumb out of eggs. And it’s not just eggs — shoppers have seen jumps in beef, coffee and non-alcoholic beverages, driving up overall grocery prices to their largest monthly gain since January 2023. “Overall grocery price inflation is relatively tame; it’s essentially in line with where …

US wholesale inflation accelerated in November in sign that some price pressures remain elevated
1 week, 5 days ago

US wholesale inflation accelerated in November in sign that some price pressures remain elevated

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Wholesale costs in the United States picked up sharply last month, signaling that price pressures are still evident in the economy even though inflation has tumbled from the peak levels it hit more than two years ago. The Labor Department reported Thursday that its producer price index — which tracks inflation before it reaches consumers — rose 0.4% …

Consumer inflation moderates slightly to 5.5% in November
1 week, 5 days ago

Consumer inflation moderates slightly to 5.5% in November

The Hindu  

India’s retail inflation cooled slightly to 5.5% in November from a 14-month high of 6.2% in October, but remained significantly elevated for rural consumers at 5.95%, while dropping to 4.8% for their urban counterparts. “The decline in inflation in November 2024 is mainly due to decline in inflation in ‘food & beverages’ group,” the National Statistics Office said, pointing to …

Retail inflation slows slightly at 5.48%
1 week, 5 days ago

Retail inflation slows slightly at 5.48%

Hindustan Times  

Retail inflation rose to 5.48% last month, a slower pace of increase compared to 6.21% in October, data from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation showed on Thursday. Despite the slowing pace of growth in prices, the Consumer Price Index-based rate of retail inflation stayed above the Reserve Bank of India’s 4% tolerance level, with two percentage points of …

US wholesale inflation surged higher in November
Trending News
1 week, 6 days ago

US wholesale inflation surged higher in November

CNN  

CNN — US wholesale inflation shot higher last month, an unwelcome sign that some prices could be heating up before they come down the pike to consumers. A closely watched gauge of underlying wholesale inflation grew more modestly and a chunk of November’s increase could be attributed to a spike in egg prices as a deadly bird flu ripples through …

U.S. wholesale inflation accelerated in November, a sign that some price pressures remain
1 week, 6 days ago

U.S. wholesale inflation accelerated in November, a sign that some price pressures remain

LA Times  

Wholesale costs in the United States picked up sharply last month, signaling that price pressures are still evident in the economy even though inflation has tumbled from the peak levels it hit more than two years ago. The Labor Department reported Thursday that its producer price index — which tracks inflation before it reaches consumers — rose 0.4% last month …

Retail inflation eases to 5.48% in November as compared to 6.21% in October, check main reasons
Trending News
1 week, 6 days ago

Retail inflation eases to 5.48% in November as compared to 6.21% in October, check main reasons

India TV News  

India's retail inflation has declined to 5.48 per cent in November compared to 6.21 pewr cent in October, mainly due to easing food prices, especially vegetables, according to government data released on Thursday. According to Consumer Price Index data released by the National Statistics Office, the inflation in the food basked reduced to 9.04 per cent in November. The CPI-based …

US inflation ticked up last month as some price pressures remain persistent
Trending News
2 weeks ago

US inflation ticked up last month as some price pressures remain persistent

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Fueled by pricier used cars, hotel rooms and groceries, inflation in the United States moved slightly higher last month in the latest sign that some price pressures remain elevated. Though inflation is now way below its peak of 9.1% in June 2022, average prices are still about 20% higher than they were three years ago — a major …

Inflation heated up last month as consumer prices rose 2.7%, underscoring the slog ahead
2 weeks ago

Inflation heated up last month as consumer prices rose 2.7%, underscoring the slog ahead

CNN  

CNN — Inflation heated back up again in November, but it likely wasn’t bad enough to keep the Federal Reserve from cutting rates next week. “We have some PTSD around egg prices from the pandemic and certainly lingering avian flu outbreaks; but those prices being up almost 40% year over year certainly is another thing people will look at in …

US consumer price increases accelerated last month with inflation pressures resilient
3 weeks, 6 days ago

US consumer price increases accelerated last month with inflation pressures resilient

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Consumer price increases accelerated last month, the latest sign that inflation’s steady decline over the past two years has stalled in recent months. According to the Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation gauge, consumer prices rose 2.3% in October from a year earlier, the Commerce Department said Wednesday. Yet excluding the volatile food and energy categories, so-called “core” prices also …

All about the inflation spike: how, why & when
Trending News
1 month, 1 week ago

All about the inflation spike: how, why & when

Live Mint  

The consumer price index —or retail inflation—surged in October to 6.2%, breaching the Reserve Bank of India’s upper tolerance limit. Despite the RBI governor Shaktikanta Das’s warning of higher inflation in October, the 6.2% reading, which marks a 14-month high, came as a surprise. For the first time in 13 months, the inflation breached the 6% mark—the higher end of …

Wholesale inflation heated up again last month, reversing recent progress
1 month, 1 week ago

Wholesale inflation heated up again last month, reversing recent progress

CNN  

CNN — US wholesale inflation picked up more than expected in October, indicating that some price pressures persist at the producer level. The Producer Price Index, a measurement of average price changes seen by producers and manufacturers, rose 0.2% on a monthly basis and 2.4% for the 12 months ended in October, marking an acceleration from September, when prices ticked …

U.S. inflation rose slightly last month after 2 years of steady cooling but remained low
1 month, 1 week ago

U.S. inflation rose slightly last month after 2 years of steady cooling but remained low

LA Times  

Inflation in the United States ticked up in October, driven by costlier rents, used cars and air fares, a sign that price increases might be leveling off after having slowed in September to their lowest pace since 2021. Consumer inflation, which peaked at 9.1% in 2022, has since fallen steadily, though overall prices are still about 20% higher than they …

Spectre of food inflation haunts the economy again
1 month, 1 week ago

Spectre of food inflation haunts the economy again

New Indian Express  

It appears that the common man will have to further tighten his consumption belt. Government data released Tuesday showed vegetable prices were the main culprit, as they shot up over 42 per cent in October from a year ago—higher than the 36 per cent rise in September. Coupled with oil prices rising 9.51 per cent, fruits, cereals and pulses, food …

Grocery inflation rises as supermarket trips hit four-year high
1 month, 1 week ago

Grocery inflation rises as supermarket trips hit four-year high

The Independent  

Get the free Morning Headlines email for news from our reporters across the world Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email Sign up to our free Morning Headlines email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Supermarket prices were 2.3% higher than a year ago last month, up slightly on …

Consumer inflation at 14-month high of 6.2%
Trending News
1 month, 1 week ago

Consumer inflation at 14-month high of 6.2%

Hindustan Times  

Retail inflation came in at 6.2% in October, the highest in 14 months, and outside the upper band of the Reserve Bank of India’s tolerance limit, primarily on account of higher food prices with potatoes, onions and tomatoes, stape vegetables all, driving the charge. The higher-than-expected number means that RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee is unlikely to cut rates in its …

Retail Inflation Soars To 6.2% In October, Exceeding RBI's Tolerance Limit
Top News
1 month, 1 week ago

Retail Inflation Soars To 6.2% In October, Exceeding RBI's Tolerance Limit

ABP News  

Retail inflation climbed to 6.21 per cent in October, up from 5.49 per cent in the previous month, driven primarily by higher food prices, according to official data released on Tuesday. Data from the National Statistics Office revealed that inflation in the food basket surged to 10.87 per cent in October, compared to 9.24 per cent in September and 6.61 …

India’s retail inflation surges to 6.2% in October
1 month, 1 week ago

India’s retail inflation surges to 6.2% in October

The Hindu  

A 10.9% spike in food prices lifted India’s retail inflation to a 14-month high of 6.2% in October, from 5.5% in September, with prices of vegetables and edible oils escalating at a sharp pace not seen in recent years. October’s price rise pace marked a breach of the Reserve Bank of India’s upper tolerance limit for inflation, with rural India …

India’s 14-month high retail inflation fades hope of December rate cut
Trending News
1 month, 1 week ago

India’s 14-month high retail inflation fades hope of December rate cut

Live Mint  

New Delhi: India’s retail inflation accelerated in October to its highest in over a year largely due to heated food prices, tempering expectations of a rate cut when the central bank’s monetary policy panel meets early next month. India’s retail inflation also breached the Reserve Bank of India’s medium-term target of 2-6% for the first time in over a year—which, …

Retail inflation at a 14-month high, rises to 6.21% in October
Top News
1 month, 1 week ago

Retail inflation at a 14-month high, rises to 6.21% in October

India Today  

Retail inflation in India rose to 6.21% in October, up from 5.49% in September 2024, marking a sharp increase driven by high food prices. Inflation in October climbed above the Reserve Bank of India's 6% tolerance threshold, marking the first breach of this level in 14 months since August 2023. Upasna Bhardwaj, Chief Economist, Kotak Mahindra Bank said, "The sharply …

China's consumer prices see stable growth in October
1 month, 2 weeks ago

China's consumer prices see stable growth in October

China Daily  

BEIJING -- China's consumer prices reported mild increases in October as the domestic demand continued to improve amid a sustained economic recovery. The consumer price index, a main inflation gauge, was up 0.3 percent year on year in October, slightly lower than the 0.4 percent rise in September, the National Bureau of Statistics said Saturday. Falling energy prices dragged down …

A Third of UK Prices Basket Is in Deflation, Analysis Finds
1 month, 2 weeks ago

A Third of UK Prices Basket Is in Deflation, Analysis Finds

Live Mint  

A third of Britain’s official “shopping basket” has slipped into deflation, providing another green light for the Bank of England to cut interest rates. The analysis of the UK inflation basket suggests that the cooling in price pressures is at least for now becoming more widespread, welcome news for Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s new Labour government. “Firms are more reluctant …

Wholesale Inflation in August Declines
3 months, 1 week ago

Wholesale Inflation in August Declines

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: With the reduction in the prices of manufactured products as well as some food items, India’s wholesale price index or WPI-based inflation for August softened to a 4-month low of 1.31 per cent on an annual basis as compared to 2.04 per cent in July, while it was 0.46 per cent in August last year. “Inflation in manufactured …

​Last mile woes: On inflation data and the challenges
3 months, 1 week ago

​Last mile woes: On inflation data and the challenges

The Hindu  

The latest retail inflation data from the National Statistical Office yet again highlights the challenge in achieving durable price stability. Provisional estimates for year-on-year price gains in August show the headline rate based on the Consumer Price Index quickened marginally to 3.65%, from July’s 3.60%, as a sharp rebound in vegetable inflation led to a wider acceleration in overall food …

Retail inflation rises to 3.65% in August, second lowest in last five years
3 months, 1 week ago

Retail inflation rises to 3.65% in August, second lowest in last five years

India Today  

India's retail inflation rose to 3.65% year-on-year in August, up from a five-year low of 3.54%, according to data released on Thursday. August's inflation rate is the second lowest in the last five years. Inflation data for August Food inflation, which represents about half of the Consumer Price Index basket, increased to 5.66% in August, compared to a 13-month low …

US inflation falls to 2.5% in August, reaches 3-year low as Federal Reserve set to cut interest rates
3 months, 1 week ago

US inflation falls to 2.5% in August, reaches 3-year low as Federal Reserve set to cut interest rates

Hindustan Times  

The post-pandemic spike in U.S. inflation eased further last month as year-over-year price increases reached a three-year low, clearing the way for the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates next week. Excluding volatile food and energy costs, so-called core prices rose 3.2% in August from a year ago, the same as in July. A key reason for last month's drop …

U.S. inflation reaches a 3-year low as Federal Reserve prepares to cut interest rates
3 months, 2 weeks ago

U.S. inflation reaches a 3-year low as Federal Reserve prepares to cut interest rates

LA Times  

Wednesday’s report from the Labor Department showed that consumer prices rose 2.5% in August from a year earlier, down from 2.9% in July. The post-pandemic spike in U.S. inflation eased further last month as year-over-year price increases reached a three-year low, clearing the way for the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates next week. Excluding volatile food and energy costs, …

US inflation reaches a 3-year low as Federal Reserve prepares to cut interest rates
3 months, 2 weeks ago

US inflation reaches a 3-year low as Federal Reserve prepares to cut interest rates

Politico  

For months, cooling inflation has provided gradual relief to America’s consumers, who were stung by the price surges that erupted three years ago, particularly for food, gas, rent and other necessities. A key reason for last month’s drop in overall inflation was the third decline in gas prices in the past four months: Average gas prices fell 0.6% from July …

Slide in tomato prices aid an 8% dip in vegetarian meal costs, CRISIL says
3 months, 2 weeks ago

Slide in tomato prices aid an 8% dip in vegetarian meal costs, CRISIL says

The Hindu  

A sharp 51% drop in tomato prices aided in an 8% decline in average vegetarian meal costs through August but onion and potato prices surged more than 50% and the actual price paid by consumers for a vegetarian plate of food remained the second highest over the past year at ₹31.2, just 4% below July levels, as per Crisil’s monthly …

Retail Inflation Declines to 59-month Low of 3.54 Per Cent in July
4 months, 1 week ago

Retail Inflation Declines to 59-month Low of 3.54 Per Cent in July

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: With the significant easing of food prices, consumer retail inflation declined to a 59-month low of 3.54 per cent in July, showing below the central bank’s targeted 4 per cent for the first time in nearly 5 years, while India’s industrial output slowed to a five-month low of 4.2 per cent in June 2024, mainly due to poor …

Retail inflation drops to 3.5% in July, hitting a near 5-year low
4 months, 1 week ago

Retail inflation drops to 3.5% in July, hitting a near 5-year low

India Today  

Retail inflation in July eased to 3.54%, marking a sharp decline after it rose in the previous month. "There is sharp decline in the year-on-year inflation rate based on the All India Consumer Price Index number for the month of July 2024, which is the lowest in the last 59 months," the government's press release said. "Year-on-year inflation rate based …

UK inflation stays at 2% despite surge in hotel prices
5 months, 1 week ago

UK inflation stays at 2% despite surge in hotel prices

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Inflation in the UK held …

UK inflation stays at 2% target in June, leaving rate cut on a 'knife edge'
5 months, 1 week ago

UK inflation stays at 2% target in June, leaving rate cut on a 'knife edge'

Hindustan Times  

Inflation in the U.K. held steady at the Bank of England's target rate of 2% in the year to June, official figures showed Wednesday, in a development that could be enough for policymakers to cut borrowing costs next month. Grocery price inflation fell to its lowest level since September 2021 in a further sign of easing cost pressures, ahead of …

Wholesale Inflation Hits 16-Month High
5 months, 1 week ago

Wholesale Inflation Hits 16-Month High

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: With the increase in prices of food articles, especially vegetables and other food products, crude petroleum & natural gas, and mineral oils among others, the wholesale price surged to a 16-month high of 3.36 per cent in the month of June from 2.61 per cent in May this year. As per the data, inflation in food articles rose …

Wholesale price inflation rises to 3.36% in June, highest in 16 months
5 months, 1 week ago

Wholesale price inflation rises to 3.36% in June, highest in 16 months

The Hindu  

Inflation in India’s wholesale prices accelerated to 3.4% in June, the highest in 16 months, from 2.6% in May, led by a spike in food inflation to 8.7% and a near-doubling in the rise of manufactured products prices to 1.43%. Pricier vegetables, cereals, and fruits spurred the rise in food prices paid by Indian consumers to a six-month high of …

India's retail inflation to remain close to 5% for most of this year: SBI Research
5 months, 1 week ago

India's retail inflation to remain close to 5% for most of this year: SBI Research

Hindustan Times  

Retail inflation, or the Consumer Price Index in India, is expected to remain below or close to 5.0 percent in the remaining months of 2024-25, except for September, according to SBI Research. India's retail inflation rate increased in June, deviating from the moderation seen in previous months, driven by rising food prices. Food prices remain a significant challenge for policymakers …

US wholesale inflation picked up in June in sign that some price pressures remain elevated
5 months, 1 week ago

US wholesale inflation picked up in June in sign that some price pressures remain elevated

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Wholesale prices in the United States rose by a larger-than-expected 2.6% last month from a year earlier, a sign that some inflation pressures remain high. The Labor Department said Friday that its producer price index — which tracks inflation before it reaches consumers — rose 0.2% from May to June after being unchanged the month before. The increase …

Retail inflation rises to 5.08 per cent in June, says govt data
5 months, 1 week ago

Retail inflation rises to 5.08 per cent in June, says govt data

Hindustan Times  

Retail inflation climbed to 5.08 per cent in June due to higher prices of kitchen items, according to government data released on Friday. Retail inflation has increased to 5.08 per cent in June due to kitchen items becoming dearer The Consumer Price Index based retail inflation was 4.8 per cent in May 2024 and 4.87 per cent in June 2023. …

Food prices are no longer rising as much — but here's why it might not feel that way
5 months, 1 week ago

Food prices are no longer rising as much — but here's why it might not feel that way

NPR  

Food prices are no longer rising as much — but here's why it might not feel that way toggle caption Justin Sullivan/Getty Images North America Grocery prices are no longer climbing as much as they did in the last two years — but many Americans are still frustrated by what it costs to put food on the table. Here are …

India inflation seen up in June due to soaring vegetable prices: Reuters poll
5 months, 2 weeks ago

India inflation seen up in June due to soaring vegetable prices: Reuters poll

Hindustan Times  

By Vivek Mishra India inflation seen up in June due to soaring vegetable prices: Reuters poll BENGALURU - India consumer price inflation probably edged up in June, snapping five months of declines, largely because of a jump in vegetable prices caused by the damage to crops wrought by extreme weather, according to a Reuters poll of economists. The July 5-9 …

Sticker shock: How the supermarket has become a potent symbol of inflation in America
5 months, 2 weeks ago

Sticker shock: How the supermarket has become a potent symbol of inflation in America

NPR  

Sticker shock: How the supermarket has become a potent symbol of inflation in America toggle caption Chase Castor for NPR For Ellie Currence, every trip to the grocery store brings a moment of sticker shock. "Everything is more expensive, which is a huge bummer because it's the essentials I need," says Currence, who lives in Belton, Mo., outside Kansas City. …

31%: The surge in food prices irking voters in the UK election
5 months, 3 weeks ago

31%: The surge in food prices irking voters in the UK election

Al Jazeera  

The cost of living is a key issue in an election expected to end 14 years of Conservative Party governance. While inflation has finally returned to the central bank’s target of 2 percent after hitting double-digit highs in 2022 and 2023, people are still paying much more for essentials, including food, than they were just a few years ago. Food …

Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation gauge shows price pressures easing further
5 months, 3 weeks ago

Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation gauge shows price pressures easing further

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — A measure of prices that is closely tracked by the Federal Reserve suggests that inflation pressures in the U.S. economy are continuing to ease. Excluding volatile food and energy prices, so-called core inflation rose 0.1% from April to May, the smallest increase since the spring of 2020, when the pandemic erupted and shut down the economy. The presumptive …

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