Jean-Marie Le Pen and the rise of the far right in France: A look at key dates
2 days, 7 hours ago

Jean-Marie Le Pen and the rise of the far right in France: A look at key dates

Associated Press  

PARIS — Jean-Marie Le Pen, the founder of France’s main far-right party, died on Tuesday at 96, but the anti-immigration and nationalist ideas that propelled his decades of popularity remain ascendant in the country, across Europe and beyond. Le Pen’s daughter, Marine Le Pen, transformed the National Front, now named the National Rally, into one of France’s most powerful political forces as she is now eyeing the 2027 presidential election. 1984 The National Front became a well-established force in French politics by winning 10 seats in the European Parliament, including one for Le Pen. A year later, Le Pen said he wanted the notion of “national preference” written into the French Constitution to limit employment, housing opportunities and other social assistance to French citizens. 2024 The National Rally became one of the three major blocs and a powerful opposition group at the National Assembly, winning over 120 seats at surprise legislative elections called by President Emmanuel Macron.

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History of this topic

French far-right leader Marine Le Pen pays tribute to her politically polarizing father
1 day, 15 hours ago

French far-right leader Marine Le Pen pays tribute to her politically polarizing father

Associated Press  

PARIS — French far-right leader Marine Le Pen paid tribute Wednesday to her father Jean-Marie, the founder of the National Front party who died at 96, calling him a “warrior” in politics despite their notoriously harsh political disputes. Le Pen posted on social media platform X: “A venerable age had taken the warrior away but given us back our father,” …

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French Far-Right Leader, Dies At 96
Trending News
2 days, 14 hours ago

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French Far-Right Leader, Dies At 96

Huff Post  

Former far-right National Front party leader Jean-Marie Le Pen on May 1, 2017, in Paris. Le Pen, who once reached the second round of the 2002 presidential election, was eventually estranged from his daughter, Marine Le Pen, who renamed his National Front party, kicked him out and transformed it into one of France’s most powerful political forces while distancing herself …

French far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen dies aged 96
3 days, 3 hours ago

French far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen dies aged 96

Al Jazeera  

Co-founder of the National Front led the party for decades and was known for fiery rhetoric against immigration. Jean-Marie Le Pen, the co-founder of France’s far-right National Front party, has died aged 96. A polarising figure in French politics, Le Pen made statements – including Holocaust denial and a 1987 proposal to forcibly isolate people with AIDS – that led …

Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder and firebrand leader of France's far-right National Front, dies at 96
3 days, 3 hours ago

Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder and firebrand leader of France's far-right National Front, dies at 96

India TV News  

Paris: Jean-Marie Le Pen, the founder of France’s far-right National Front who was known for fiery rhetoric against immigration and multiculturalism that earned him both staunch supporters and widespread condemnation, has died. A polarising figure in French politics, Le Pen’s controversial statements, including Holocaust denial, led to multiple convictions and strained his political alliances. Le Pen, who once reached the …

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French fiery far-right leader, dies at 96
Top News
3 days, 3 hours ago

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French fiery far-right leader, dies at 96

NPR  

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French fiery far-right leader, dies at 96 toggle caption Kamil Zihnioglu/AP PARIS — Jean-Marie Le Pen, the founder of France's far-right National Front who was known for fiery rhetoric against immigration and multiculturalism that earned him both staunch supporters and widespread condemnation, died Tuesday. Sponsor Message Le Pen, who reached the second round of the 2002 presidential …

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French far-right leader known for fiery rhetoric against immigration, dies at 96
3 days, 3 hours ago

Jean-Marie Le Pen, French far-right leader known for fiery rhetoric against immigration, dies at 96

LA Times  

Jean-Marie Le Pen, the founder of France’s far-right National Front who was known for fiery rhetoric against immigration and multiculturalism that earned him both staunch supporters and widespread condemnation, died Tuesday. Le Pen routinely countered that he was simply a patriot protecting the identity of “eternal France.” Le Pen, who reached the second round of the 2002 presidential election, was …

Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder of France’s far-right National Front party, dies at 96
Top News
3 days, 3 hours ago

Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder of France’s far-right National Front party, dies at 96

CNN  

Paris CNN — Jean-Marie Le Pen, father of Marine Le Pen and the defining figure of France’s postwar far-right movement, has died at the age of 96, according to French network BFMTV. From founding the National Front party – which his daughter has taken to new heights as National Rally – to his election as France’s youngest lawmaker, Jean-Marie Le …

Marine Le Pen court case: French far-right leader’s next bid for presidency threatened as prosecutors seek political ban
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Marine Le Pen court case: French far-right leader’s next bid for presidency threatened as prosecutors seek political ban

CNN  

CNN — French prosecutors have asked for prison time and a five-year ban from politics for far-right leader Marine Le Pen, potentially derailing her bid to become president in 2027. The prosecutors also asked that the ineligibility sentence was given “with provisional execution,” meaning it would take place immediately and Le Pen could not stand for new elections during this …

France’s far-right leader Marine Le Pen faces court on charges of embezzling EU funds
2 months, 3 weeks ago

France’s far-right leader Marine Le Pen faces court on charges of embezzling EU funds

LA Times  

French far-right leader Marine Le Pen strongly denied committing any wrongdoing at a Paris court Monday as she and her National Rally party stand trial over the suspected embezzlement of European Parliament funds. Le Pen appeared self-confident and determined in court, stating in a loud voice: “I’m telling you very clearly: I absolutely don’t feel I have committed the slightest …

France’s Marine Le Pen urges fresh polls next year
3 months, 3 weeks ago

France’s Marine Le Pen urges fresh polls next year

The Hindu  

The parliamentary leader of France’s far-right National Rally party on Saturday called for fresh elections next year, just months after snap polls threw the country into political deadlock. “The great country that is France cannot function this way,” said the leader of the largest single party in parliament after elections this summer produced a hung legislature. Mr. Macron last week …

The far right seemed to have a lock on France's legislative elections. Here's why it didn't it win
6 months ago

The far right seemed to have a lock on France's legislative elections. Here's why it didn't it win

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. French far-right leader Marine Le …

The far right seemed to have a lock on France’s legislative elections. Here’s why it didn’t win
6 months ago

The far right seemed to have a lock on France’s legislative elections. Here’s why it didn’t win

Associated Press  

PARIS — Seemingly so close, and yet still so far away. French far-right leader Marine Le Pen looked to be nearer to power than ever last week after her National Rally party, strengthened by new allies, triumphed in the opening round of legislative elections. Macron’s narrower but still comfortable victory in 2022 and a breakthrough for Le Pen’s by-then rebranded …

What next for France as hard-left seizes victory? YEARS of political paralysis, with Macron a lame duck until he stands down... all of which could BOOST Le Pen's chances of presidential win in 2027
6 months ago

What next for France as hard-left seizes victory? YEARS of political paralysis, with Macron a lame duck until he stands down... all of which could BOOST Le Pen's chances of presidential win in 2027

Daily Mail  

But experts say she is now unburdened to make a bid for the presidency in 2027 Last night's tumultuous parliamentary elections in France saw President Emmanuel Macron and his centrist alliance achieve one key goal - preventing the hard-right from taking power. France's hard-right matriarch Marine Le Pen was humbled by the French electorate yesterday - but analysts say she …

French vote gives leftists most seats over far right, but leaves hung parliament and deadlock
6 months ago

French vote gives leftists most seats over far right, but leaves hung parliament and deadlock

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. In calling the election on June 9, after the far right surged in French voting …

Marine Le Pen's hopes of forming France's first hard-right government since the War are DASHED: Leftists take most seats in second round, exit poll predicts
6 months ago

Marine Le Pen's hopes of forming France's first hard-right government since the War are DASHED: Leftists take most seats in second round, exit poll predicts

Daily Mail  

Marine Le Pen's hopes of forming France's first hard-right government since the War have been dashed after a left-wing coalition took the most seats in the second round of the legislative election, exit polls predict. Marine Le Pen's hopes of forming France's first hard-right government since the War have been dashed after a left-wing coalition took the most seats in …

France braces for ‘high drama’ run-offs as Le Pen’s far right eyes power
6 months ago

France braces for ‘high drama’ run-offs as Le Pen’s far right eyes power

Al Jazeera  

With the far right seemingly headed for victory, voters on the left and in the centre feel on edge. “It is a mood of mobilisation on the part of all those who don’t want National Rally to get a majority or even win the election.” Macron’s Renaissance party won only about 20 percent of the vote in the first round. …

Over 200 French election candidates quit in effort to block Marine Le Pen's hard-Right party forming government - after Macron's disastrous snap poll
6 months, 1 week ago

Over 200 French election candidates quit in effort to block Marine Le Pen's hard-Right party forming government - after Macron's disastrous snap poll

Daily Mail  

Opponents of France's anti-immigration National Rally party last night made final bids to keep it from power. The hard-Right party, known as RN, led by Marine Le Pen, was the clear winner of the first round of parliamentary elections on Sunday, winning a third of all votes across all 577 constituencies. Marine Le Pen's far-Right RN party steamed to victory …

Le Pen first had success in an ex-mining town. Her message there is now winning over French society
6 months, 1 week ago

Le Pen first had success in an ex-mining town. Her message there is now winning over French society

Associated Press  

HENIN-BEAUMONT, France — In the former mining town at the heart of French far-right leader Marine Le Pen’s political strategy, her party’s electoral success Sunday came as no surprise to hundreds of supporters who gathered to see her victory speech. The results, Le Pen added, showed voters’ “willingness to turn the page after seven years of contemptuous and corrosive power.” …

France’s Muslims fear for their futures as Le Pen’s far right party surges
6 months, 1 week ago

France’s Muslims fear for their futures as Le Pen’s far right party surges

Al Jazeera  

Tensions are rising in France, home to one of Europe’s largest Muslim minorities, ahead of the snap election run-off. On Sunday, the far right led the first round of parliamentary elections and while it’s not yet clear if Marine Le Pen’s National Rally movement will form a majority after the July 7 run-off, many of France’s six million Muslims are, …

Hundreds of candidates pull out of French run-off in bid to foil far right
6 months, 1 week ago

Hundreds of candidates pull out of French run-off in bid to foil far right

Al Jazeera  

Mass exit aims to deny parliamentary wins in final vote that could give far right first government since World War II. France’s left-wing and centrist parties have withdrawn hundreds of candidates from Sunday’s parliamentary elections, in a move aimed at thwarting the formation of the country’s first far-right government since World War II. Instead of shoring up the mandate of …

At 28, Bardella could become youngest French prime minister at helm of far-right National Rally
6 months, 1 week ago

At 28, Bardella could become youngest French prime minister at helm of far-right National Rally

Associated Press  

NICE, France — At just 28 years old, Jordan Bardella has helped make the far-right National Rally the strongest political force in France. After voters propelled Marine Le Pen’s National Rally to a strong lead in the first round of snap legislative elections on June 30, Bardella turned to rallying supporters to hand their party an absolute majority in the …

Marine Le Pen’s far-right in strong position after first round of voting
6 months, 1 week ago

Marine Le Pen’s far-right in strong position after first round of voting

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Marine Le Pen’s far-right National …

Marine Le Pen: How the National Rally leader redefined the party ahead of the French election
6 months, 1 week ago

Marine Le Pen: How the National Rally leader redefined the party ahead of the French election

The Telegraph  

He said perhaps the main reasons the RN had become more palatable was the state of the other parties, which were either in ruins or had radicalised, making the Le Pen camp appear more mainstream. “I notice something that in different forms is also happening in Italy: the constant attempt to demonise and corner the people who don’t vote for …

French far right works to turn election win into power
6 months, 1 week ago

French far right works to turn election win into power

LA Times  

Supporters of French far-right leader Marine Le Pen cheer election results Sunday in Henin-Beaumont. Voters propelled the Le Pen’s National Rally to a strong lead in first-round legislative elections Sunday and plunged the country into political uncertainty, according to polling projections. Strengthened by a surge of support that made it the winner but not yet the overall victor, the National …

Far-right National Rally win first round of elections in France with leader Marine Le Pen declaring President Macron's alliance was 'almost wiped out' as it is forced into third
6 months, 1 week ago

Far-right National Rally win first round of elections in France with leader Marine Le Pen declaring President Macron's alliance was 'almost wiped out' as it is forced into third

Daily Mail  

Marine Le Pen's far-right National Rally won the first round of legislative elections on Sunday, leaving incumbent president Emmanuel Macron's centrist alliance lagging in third behind the left, projections by polling groups said. Marine Le Pen's far-right National Rally won the first round of legislative elections on Sunday The second round will see run-off votes take place in seats where …

French protesters turn out to oppose far-right shift ahead of snap election
6 months, 3 weeks ago

French protesters turn out to oppose far-right shift ahead of snap election

NPR  

French protesters turn out to oppose far-right shift ahead of snap election toggle caption Laure Boyer/AFP via Getty Images From Paris to Toulouse, some 300,000 people took to the streets of France on Saturday urging voters to block the country's far-right party from gaining a majority in the upcoming parliament elections. Protesters are demonstrating against far-right leaders Marine Le Pen …

A French ‘referendum’ on the far right: Will Macron’s risky gamble pay off?
6 months, 3 weeks ago

A French ‘referendum’ on the far right: Will Macron’s risky gamble pay off?

Al Jazeera  

The president is trying to push back against Le Pen’s party, but experts warn there is potential for strategy to backfire. Yielding a call from the far-right candidate Jordan Bardella, whose National Rally party won 31.5 percent of the vote in the European Parliament elections on Sunday, Macron dissolved the French Parliament and ordered snap elections. Analysts said it is …

France facing ‘most consequential parliamentary election in decades’ after Macron shocks with snap vote
6 months, 4 weeks ago

France facing ‘most consequential parliamentary election in decades’ after Macron shocks with snap vote

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. “The objective is to be able to meet again, …

Macron hopes to contain far right in national elections after it surged in EU vote. It’s a risky bet
6 months, 4 weeks ago

Macron hopes to contain far right in national elections after it surged in EU vote. It’s a risky bet

Associated Press  

The surge of the far right in France in elections for the European Parliament was widely expected. French President Emmanuel Macron called for a snap legislative election, saying he could not ignore the new political reality after his pro-European party was handed a chastening defeat and projected to garner less than half the support of Marine Le Pen’s National Rally. …

Why is the far right gaining ground in France?
1 year ago

Why is the far right gaining ground in France?

Al Jazeera  

The French far right is capitalising on rising nationalist sentiment gripping countries in Western Europe. Paris, France – A decade of shrewd planning by Marine Le Pen and opportune timing has put the French far right in a position of unprecedented strength heading into 2024. Le Pen’s party, the National Rally, has been able to build on its historic success …

French far-right leader Marine Le Pen raises a storm over her plan to march against antisemitism
1 year, 1 month ago

French far-right leader Marine Le Pen raises a storm over her plan to march against antisemitism

Associated Press  

PARIS — French far-right leader Marine Le Pen has set off a cacophony of criticism over her plans to attend a weekend march to protest rising antisemitism in France, with critics saying that her once-pariah party has failed to shake off its antisemitic heritage despite growing political legitimacy. Government spokesman Olivier Veran said Wednesday that Marine Le Pen’s party “does …

French President Macron Warns About Marine Le Pen Coming to Power and Regrets Pensions Campaign
1 year, 8 months ago

French President Macron Warns About Marine Le Pen Coming to Power and Regrets Pensions Campaign

News 18  

French President Emmanuel Macron warned Sunday about far-right leader Marine Le Pen coming to power as he suggested that he should have got more involved in selling his unpopular pension reform to the country. Speaking to Le Parisien newspaper, the 45-year-old joined others across the French political spectrum in warning about anti-immigration Le Pen being in a position to take …

Marine Le Pen warns France at risk of 'social explosion' over pensions reform
1 year, 9 months ago

Marine Le Pen warns France at risk of 'social explosion' over pensions reform

Firstpost  

Paris: French far-right leader Marine Le Pen warned Tuesday that President Emmanuel Macron was pushing the country to the verge of a “social explosion” with his highly contested pensions reform. Le Pen said she had already played the role of “firefighter” in 2019 during the so-called “Yellow Vests” revolt against Macron when protesters clashed repeatedly with police, blocked roads and …

French far-right party elects new leader to replace Le Pen
2 years, 2 months ago

French far-right party elects new leader to replace Le Pen

Associated Press  

PARIS — European lawmaker Jordan Bardella replaced his mentor Marine Le Pen on Saturday at the helm of France’s leading far-right party, pledging to protect French civilization from perceived threats posed by immigration and defending a party member who made a racist remark in parliament. Le Pen said Bardella’s main challenge will be pursuing the party “roadmap” of taking power …

French Parliament suspended after black MP is told to 'Go back to Africa' by far-Right opponent
2 years, 2 months ago

French Parliament suspended after black MP is told to 'Go back to Africa' by far-Right opponent

Daily Mail  

The French parliament was suspended today after a black MP was told to 'Go back to Africa!' Carlos Martens Bilongo, a 31-year-old from a Congolese background, was asking a question about climate change when he was verbally attacked on Thursday afternoon in the Paris National Assembly. Pictured: The national assembly today Then the culprit was identified as Grégoire de Fournas, …

France reshaped: Election emboldens Le Pen, undercuts Macron
2 years, 6 months ago

France reshaped: Election emboldens Le Pen, undercuts Macron

Associated Press  

PARIS — France faced an ecstatic Marine Le Pen on Monday after her party’s far-right candidates sent shockwaves through the political establishment and helped deny President Emmanuel Macron’s centrist alliance a majority in parliament. The strong performance of both Le Pen’s National Rally and Mélenchon’s coalition — composed of his hard-left France Unbowed party as well as the Socialists, Greens …

Cracks at the centre: On France’s elections
2 years, 6 months ago

Cracks at the centre: On France’s elections

The Hindu  

In the June 2017 parliamentary elections, held a few weeks after Emmanuel Macron was first elected President, Jean-Luc Mélenchon’s leftist France Unbowed party won just 17 seats. Five years later, Mr. Mélenchon’s coalition has emerged as the second largest bloc in the French Parliament with 131 seats, clearly showing a resurgence of the left. Mr. Macron’s party, Renaissance, and its …

French presidential polls: Far-right's Marine Le Pen hails 'seismic event' as Macron reduced to minority
2 years, 6 months ago

French presidential polls: Far-right's Marine Le Pen hails 'seismic event' as Macron reduced to minority

Firstpost  

Le Pen’s National Party won 89 in the 577-member parliament. Whereas, Macron’s centrist alliance won 245 seats but fell 44 seats short to form a clear majority in the National Assembly of France. Far-right leader Marine Le Pen said on Monday that her party’s extraordinary surge in the country’s parliamentary election is a “historic victory” and a “seismic event” in …

Marine Le Pen: Far-Right Gains In French Parliament A 'Seismic Event'
2 years, 6 months ago

Marine Le Pen: Far-Right Gains In French Parliament A 'Seismic Event'

Huff Post  

Marine Le Pen, leader of France's far-right National Rally party, talks to the press a day after the first results of the parliamentary elections in Henin-Beaumont, northern France, on June 20, 2022. DENIS CHARLET via Getty Images PARIS — Far-right leader Marine Le Pen said on Monday that her party’s extraordinary surge in the country’s parliamentary election is a “historic …

France reshaped: Election emboldens Le Pen and undercuts Macron
2 years, 6 months ago

France reshaped: Election emboldens Le Pen and undercuts Macron

LA Times  

French far-right leader Marine Le Pen addresses reporters Monday in Hénin-Beaumont, northern France. Le Pen’s National Rally party didn’t win the two-round parliamentary election that ended Sunday. France faced an ecstatic Marine Le Pen on Monday after her party’s far-right candidates sent shock waves through the political establishment and helped deny President Emmanuel Macron’s centrist alliance a majority in parliament. …

France's presidential election results highlight growing threat of racism and xenophobia
2 years, 8 months ago

France's presidential election results highlight growing threat of racism and xenophobia

The Hindu  

Emmanuel Macron staved off a spirited challenge from the Far-Right candidate Marine Le Pen to become the first President since Jacques Chirac in 2002 to win a second term in office. She said that the election results showed that the French people needed a “strong opposition to Emmanuel Macron” and that she was the one who could lead the opposition …

An interpretation of the French elections
2 years, 8 months ago

An interpretation of the French elections

The Hindu  

Who won the French presidential election? Mr. Macron came top in the first round of the election and won in the second round by a comfortable margin. Le Pen in the second round, which meant that France’s significant left-wing electorate was deprived of a left-wing candidate for whom to vote in a presidential runoff for the third time in 20 …

France\'s Macron wins new term after far-right battle
2 years, 8 months ago

France\'s Macron wins new term after far-right battle

Deccan Chronicle  

PARIS: French President Emmanuel Macron is set to begin efforts to unite a deeply divided nation after winning re-election on Sunday in a battle against rival Marine Le Pen that saw the far right come its closest yet to taking power. 'New era' In his victory speech on the Champ de Mars in central Paris, Macron promised his next five-year …

To Europe’s relief, France’s Macron wins but far-right gains
2 years, 8 months ago

To Europe’s relief, France’s Macron wins but far-right gains

Associated Press  

PARIS — French President Emmanuel Macron comfortably won a second term Sunday, triggering relief among allies that the nuclear-armed power won’t abruptly shift course in the midst of the war in Ukraine from European Union and NATO efforts to punish and contain Russia’s military expansionism. Acknowledging that “numerous” voters cast ballots for him simply to keep out the fiercely nationalist …

Marine Le Pen, a fighter suffering another big defeat
2 years, 8 months ago

Marine Le Pen, a fighter suffering another big defeat

Hindustan Times  

Marine Le Pen, who on Sunday lost the second round of France's presidential election to Emmanuel Macron, had fought hard to make her far-right party electable but in the end failed by a wide margin to win over a majority of voters. Trailing by around 16 percentage points in the second-round runoff according to projections, Le Pen came far closer …

French presidential run-off election results Emmanuel Macron defeats Marine Le Pen
2 years, 8 months ago

French presidential run-off election results Emmanuel Macron defeats Marine Le Pen

The Hindu  

French President Emmanuel Macron comfortably won re-election to a second term Sunday, according to polling agencies’ projections In the midst of Russia’s war on Ukraine, the result offered the European Union the reassurance of stable leadership in the bloc’s only nuclear-armed power and was immediately hailed by France’s allies. Acknowledging that “numerous” voters cast ballots for him simply to keep …

Marine Le Pen: Is the far-right French presidential candidate married?
2 years, 8 months ago

Marine Le Pen: Is the far-right French presidential candidate married?

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Ms Le Pen secured 23.1 per cent of the …

To Europe's Relief, France's Macron Wins But Far-Right Gains
2 years, 8 months ago

To Europe's Relief, France's Macron Wins But Far-Right Gains

Huff Post  

French President and centrist candidate Emmanuel Macron shakes hands with well-wishers as he heads to the polling station in Le Touquet, northern France, on April 24, 2022. Thibault Camus via AP PARIS — French President Emmanuel Macron comfortably won a second term Sunday, triggering relief among allies that the nuclear-armed power won’t abruptly shift course in the midst of the …

France’s presidential rivals: Key moments, private lives
2 years, 8 months ago

France’s presidential rivals: Key moments, private lives

Associated Press  

PARIS — As French voters elect a president Sunday, they are choosing between two visions of France — and two very different people. Macron studied at France’s elite school Ecole Nationale d’Administration, and was a senior civil servant, then a banker at Rothschild for a few years, then economic adviser to Socialist President Francois Hollande. Then the COVID-19 pandemic hit, …

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