“Absolutely devastating”: Climate change is pushing coral reefs to extinction, experts warn
4 months, 1 week ago

“Absolutely devastating”: Climate change is pushing coral reefs to extinction, experts warn

Salon  

The Chagos Archipelago is one of the most remote places on Earth. “Currently coral reefs face many threats, including biodiversity loss, water quality, climate change, disease, predation, coastal development, litter, marine traffic and pollution,” Alliji explained. “The ocean has no boundaries and therefore a collaborative approach is required to ensure coral survival and guarantee their future.” We need your help to stay independent Subscribe today to support Salon's progressive journalism Obura added, “There is a localized commitment to enabling the sorts of changes that can reduce local pressures, which revolve around promoting circular economies, less destructive economic and development practices. To some extent the problem is these are pitched as ‘local’ problems for local authorities to act on, but often the broader national and international contexts don’t facilitate this by continually incentivising more growth, more resorts, more fishing, more goods and services, etc.” Yet even if all of the necessary changes are made, scientists like Jason Spadaro from the Coral Reef Restoration Research Program in Florida's Mote Marine Laboratory still expect more depressing journeys like one he recently took to the Florida Keys. “When I started my career back in 2006 or so, coral reefs in the Florida Keys in particular had about maybe a little better than 10% of their surface covered in live coral,” Spadaro said.

Global Climate Change Florida Change Climate Local Coral Reefs Dempsey Salon Reef Reefs Coral Reef Corals C  extinction  local  dempsey  corals  c  reef  change  reefs  climate  experts  absolutely  coral  warn  pushing  devastating  global

History of this topic

‘Staggering’ environmental impact on Great Barrier Reef caused by cruise ships, say conservationists
3 months, 3 weeks ago

‘Staggering’ environmental impact on Great Barrier Reef caused by cruise ships, say conservationists

The Independent  

Sign up to Simon Calder’s free travel email for expert advice and money-saving discounts Get Simon Calder’s Travel email Get Simon Calder’s Travel email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Cruise companies have been called on to “clean up their act” by local conservationists and tourism …

Parts of Great Barrier Reef record highest coral deaths due to heat, storms
4 months, 1 week ago

Parts of Great Barrier Reef record highest coral deaths due to heat, storms

Al Jazeera  

Up to 72 percent of coral found dead on 12 of 19 surveyed reefs in the north of the world’s largest living structure. Recent mass bleaching, two cyclones and flooding have left parts of the Great Barrier Reef with “significant coral mortality”, according to new data from the Australian Institute of Marine Science. In one northern section of the reef, …

Marine ecologists fear Australia's kelp forests will disappear unnoticed
4 months, 2 weeks ago

Marine ecologists fear Australia's kelp forests will disappear unnoticed

ABC  

Thousands of kilometres of underwater forests experts describe as a "biological engine" are under threat of disappearing unnoticed, with potentially devastating implications for hundreds of marine species. University of New South Wales marine ecologist Adriana Verges said kelp forests that surrounded 70 per cent of Australia's coastline were progressively being lost due to warming waters, pollution and overfishing. Professor Verges …

Nearly half of tropical coral species face extinction: report
4 months, 2 weeks ago

Nearly half of tropical coral species face extinction: report

Raw Story  

Almost half of all warm-water species of coral are threatened with extinction -- and climate change is the chief culprit, a new report said on Wednesday. Rising ocean temperatures have spurred mass bleaching events at coral reefs across the world, threatening crucial ecosystems for marine life as well as the livelihoods of people who rely on them. "Healthy ecosystems like …

Fourth mass coral bleaching prompts UN emergency session at Colombia biodiversity summit
5 months ago

Fourth mass coral bleaching prompts UN emergency session at Colombia biodiversity summit

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Coral reefs are vital ecosystems …

Highest ocean heat in 400 years poses 'existential threat' to Great Barrier Reef
7 months, 3 weeks ago

Highest ocean heat in 400 years poses 'existential threat' to Great Barrier Reef

Raw Story  

The Great Barrier Reef recently experienced the highest ocean temperatures in at least four centuries and faces an "existential threat" due to repeated mass coral bleaching episodes, a study published Wednesday in Science found. "This attribution, together with the recent ocean temperature extremes, post-1900 warming trend, and observed mass coral bleaching, shows that the existential threat to the Great Barrier …

Great Barrier Reef teeters on UNESCO's 'in danger' status after Coral Sea's hottest summer in 400 years
7 months, 3 weeks ago

Great Barrier Reef teeters on UNESCO's 'in danger' status after Coral Sea's hottest summer in 400 years

ABC  

Sea surface temperatures in waters surrounding the Great Barrier Reef this year reached their warmest levels in more than 400 years, new research has found. Dr Henley said the findings were not only scientifically significant but "of great sadness" as they reveal the world is in danger of losing one of its most spectacular natural wonders, the Great Barrier Reef. …

Great Barrier Reef waters were hottest in 400 years over the past decade, study finds
7 months, 3 weeks ago

Great Barrier Reef waters were hottest in 400 years over the past decade, study finds

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Ocean temperatures in the Great …

Great Barrier Reef endangered by hottest oceans in 400 years, study finds
7 months, 3 weeks ago

Great Barrier Reef endangered by hottest oceans in 400 years, study finds

Al Jazeera  

Researchers say the world is losing ‘one of our icons’ as human activity fuels temperature increases. Ocean temperatures in the Great Barrier Reef have hit their highest level in 400 years over the past decade, researchers say, warning that the largest living ecosystem on Earth likely will not survive if planetary warming is not stopped. Ocean temperatures around the reef …

The Deadly Coral Reef Whitewash
8 months, 3 weeks ago

The Deadly Coral Reef Whitewash

Deccan Chronicle  

The severe heat waves across the globe are taking a toll on the underwater life of oceans. All the previous global mass bleaching events occurred during the El Nino too, and it seems as though the frequency and intensity are increasing over time — likely due to climate change.” The ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute recently found that coral reefs …

What we do in the shallows: Inside the mad dash to save coral reefs around the world
8 months, 3 weeks ago

What we do in the shallows: Inside the mad dash to save coral reefs around the world

Hindustan Times  

Some have compared it to the crackling of a campfire, or the sizzling of bacon in a pan. “These species don’t create the same complex habitats that reef-building corals do, and so they don’t support all the biodiversity and ecosystem services that a healthy reef provides.” Reefs may shift into deeper waters, adds Alexander Neufeld, science programme manager at the …

The Earth’s changing – so why aren’t we?
9 months, 1 week ago

The Earth’s changing – so why aren’t we?

Al Jazeera  

Around the globe, a majority of people have one common factor that shapes their worldview. But here's what's interesting in Indigenous cultures everywhere - there was a certain way of relating to the rest of nature not seeing it as a resource to exploit, but seeing it as a living sacred and set of entities,” Jeremy Lent, author 'The Web …

Over 60% of world's coral reefs likely bleached in just the past year
10 months, 2 weeks ago

Over 60% of world's coral reefs likely bleached in just the past year

India Today  

In a dire warning about the escalating threat to the world's coral reefs, the US-based National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has revealed that nearly two-thirds of these vital marine ecosystems have experienced heat stress severe enough to trigger bleaching over the past year. "I am very worried about the state of the world's coral reefs," said Derek Manzello, coordinator of …

Experts say coral reef bleaching near record level globally because of ‘crazy’ ocean heat
10 months, 2 weeks ago

Experts say coral reef bleaching near record level globally because of ‘crazy’ ocean heat

Associated Press  

Ocean temperatures that have gone “crazy haywire” hot, especially in the Atlantic, are close to making the current global coral bleaching event the worst in history. That’s nearing the record of 65.7% in 2017, when from 2009 to 2017 about one-seventh of the world’s coral died, said Derek Manzello, coordinator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coral Reef Watch …

Experts say coral reef bleaching near record level globally because of 'crazy' ocean heat
10 months, 2 weeks ago

Experts say coral reef bleaching near record level globally because of 'crazy' ocean heat

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. That's nearing the record of 65.7% in 2017, when …

Corals bred in a zoo have joined Europe’s largest reef. This is offering scientists hope
11 months ago

Corals bred in a zoo have joined Europe’s largest reef. This is offering scientists hope

Associated Press  

ARNHEM, Netherlands — Just like the animals on Noah’s Ark, the corals arrived in a pair. On Monday, divers with gloved hands gently nestled the self-bred corals from the World Coral Conservatory project among their cousins in Europe’s largest coral reef at the Burgers’ Zoo in the Netherlands. The World Coral Conservatory hopes to create a bank of corals in …

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef suffers worst bleaching on record
11 months, 2 weeks ago

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef suffers worst bleaching on record

Al Jazeera  

The 2,300km reef is in its fifth mass bleaching event since 2016 with aerial surveys showing the scale of damage. Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, which stretches for some 2,300km off the country’s northeastern coast, is suffering its worst bleaching event on record. “This prolonged heat exposure has caused mass bleaching of coral reef communities observed within all three regions of …

UN envoy says of the threat to coral reefs: ‘Are we faced with a colossal ecosystem tragedy? Yes’
11 months, 2 weeks ago

UN envoy says of the threat to coral reefs: ‘Are we faced with a colossal ecosystem tragedy? Yes’

Associated Press  

ATHENS, Greece — The world is not doing enough to protect coral reefs, the United Nations’ special envoy for the ocean said Tuesday in defense of the marine ecosystems that protect biodiversity, sustain underwater life and produce some of the oxygen we breathe. In an interview with The Associated Press on the sidelines of an international ocean conference in Greece, …

Scientists say coral reefs around the world are experiencing mass bleaching in warming oceans
11 months, 2 weeks ago

Scientists say coral reefs around the world are experiencing mass bleaching in warming oceans

Associated Press  

Coral reefs around the world are experiencing global bleaching for the fourth time, top reef scientists declared Monday, a result of warming ocean waters amid human-caused climate change. Coral reef bleaching across at least 53 countries, territories or local economies has been confirmed from February 2023 to now, scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and International Coral Reef …

Coral bleaching: Ocean heat is driving a mass bleaching event, and it could be the worst on record
11 months, 2 weeks ago

Coral bleaching: Ocean heat is driving a mass bleaching event, and it could be the worst on record

CNN  

CNN — Coral reefs around the world are experiencing a mass bleaching event as the climate crisis drives record-breaking ocean heat, two scientific bodies announced Monday — with some experts warning this could become the worst bleaching period in recorded history. NOAA predicts La Niña, El Niño’s cooler counterpart, could arrive between June and August this year, which provides “a …

Coral reefs around the world experiencing mass bleaching, scientists say
11 months, 2 weeks ago

Coral reefs around the world experiencing mass bleaching, scientists say

Al Jazeera  

Scientists warn that many of the world’s reefs may not recover from the intense, prolonged heat stress. Along coastlines from Australia to Kenya to Mexico, many of the world’s colourful coral reefs have turned a ghostly white in what scientists say has amounted to the fourth global bleaching event in the last three decades. At least 54 countries and territories …

Restored coral reefs show incredible speed of recovery: Study
1 year ago

Restored coral reefs show incredible speed of recovery: Study

Live Mint  

Coral reefs are rapidly disappearing worldwide, and the majority are under threat due to human-induced climate change. Researchers have found that efforts to restore coral reefs not only increase coral cover, but can also reinstate ecosystem functions quite quickly. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, shows that restored coral reefs can grow at the same speed as healthy …

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef hit by mass coral bleaching
1 year ago

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef hit by mass coral bleaching

Al Jazeera  

Warming seas are threatening the home of thousands of marine species, but some corals can recover if temperatures cool. Australia’s Great Barrier Reef has been hit by a major coral bleaching event likely caused by heat stress built up over the summer at the biologically diverse site, a government agency has said. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, which …

Cause and Effect | Alarming rise in ocean temperatures spells doom for coral ecosystems
1 year, 1 month ago

Cause and Effect | Alarming rise in ocean temperatures spells doom for coral ecosystems

Hindustan Times  

The oceans on February 1 reached a record high temperature of 21.12°C, a day after returning to the previous record of 21.1°C set in December 2023, after August and also April. And predicting this threat to what is often referred to as the rainforests of the sea, the US government’s Coral Reef Watch added three new alert categories to represent …

Lakshadweep: Don’t Go the Maldives Way!
1 year, 2 months ago

Lakshadweep: Don’t Go the Maldives Way!

The Quint  

The Maldives, an idyllic archipelago of coral islands in the Indian Ocean, faces an existential threat as it grapples with the adverse impacts of climate change and numerous environmental challenges. Rising sea levels pose a grave danger to the Maldives, with its average ground level just 1.5 meters above the sea. Climate models suggest that under a two-degree warmer world, …

The Great Barrier Reef has avoided an 'in danger' listing, but still faces near-complete destruction
1 year, 6 months ago

The Great Barrier Reef has avoided an 'in danger' listing, but still faces near-complete destruction

ABC  

The world's biggest coral reef system is not going on the UN's list of World Heritage sites "in danger". The fact is, coral reefs including the Great Barrier Reef, face near complete destruction in the coming decades. Environment Minister Tanya Plibersek has ruled that the climate impacts of several new coal mines can't be considered when approving them under existing …

Pacific coral reefs show increase in climate resistance: Study
1 year, 7 months ago

Pacific coral reefs show increase in climate resistance: Study

Live Mint  

Coral reefs are vital to the Earth’s ecosystem. Now, a new study has shown that coral reefs in one part of the Pacific Ocean might have adjusted to higher ocean temperatures, indicating a sort of climate resistance. “Our study indicates the presence of an ecological resilience to climate change, yet also highlights the need to fulfil Paris Agreement commitments to …

Sea temperatures lead to unprecedented, dangerous bleaching of Florida's coral reef, experts say
1 year, 7 months ago

Sea temperatures lead to unprecedented, dangerous bleaching of Florida's coral reef, experts say

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Please enter a valid email address Please enter a valid email address SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Please try again later {{ …

Low human activity helps corals despite warm ocean
1 year, 7 months ago

Low human activity helps corals despite warm ocean

The Hindu  

Simultaneously mitigating human impacts on land and sea reduced coral loss during an unprecedented marine heatwave in Hawaiʻi and supported coral reef persistence after the heatwave, according to a paper in Nature. Jamison Gove from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai‘i and others combined surveys of reef change with a unique 20-year time series of land-sea human impacts that …

Scientists fight to help protect the Florida coral that's dying from heat
1 year, 8 months ago

Scientists fight to help protect the Florida coral that's dying from heat

NPR  

Scientists fight to help protect the Florida coral that's dying from heat Marine scientists say record ocean temperatures have sparked widespread coral bleaching in the Florida Keys. That's the temperature of many hot tubs and has led to severe problems for Florida's already struggling coral reefs. But Phanor Montoya says this crisis is a reminder that for Florida's coral reefs, …

Scientists say Florida Keys coral reefs are already bleaching as water temperatures hit record highs
1 year, 8 months ago

Scientists say Florida Keys coral reefs are already bleaching as water temperatures hit record highs

Associated Press  

FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. — Some Florida Keys coral reefs are losing their color weeks earlier than normal this summer because of record-high water temperatures, meaning they are under stress and their health is potentially endangered, federal scientists said. Surface temperatures around the Keys have been averaging about 91 degrees, well above the normal mid-July average of 85 degrees, said Jacqueline …

Florida coral reefs risk ‘nasty bleaching’ as temperatures reach 90F: ‘We’re in unchartered territories’
1 year, 8 months ago

Florida coral reefs risk ‘nasty bleaching’ as temperatures reach 90F: ‘We’re in unchartered territories’

The Independent  

Sign up to the Independent Climate email for the latest advice on saving the planet Get our free Climate email Get our free Climate email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Florida coral reefs are facing an unprecedented threat from a sudden marine heat wave that …

To restore reefs dying in warming seas, UAE turns to coral nurseries
1 year, 9 months ago

To restore reefs dying in warming seas, UAE turns to coral nurseries

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy On a boat off the …

'Climate crisis accelerating at faster pace than expected': Scientist Roxy Koll
1 year, 9 months ago

'Climate crisis accelerating at faster pace than expected': Scientist Roxy Koll

Hindustan Times  

The climate crisis could spell the end of the world for many underprivileged, who have low capacity to adapt to the changes. Edited excerpts from an interview: Roxy Mathew Koll Read here: World Environment Day: Key climate meet to begin in Bonn on June 5 We experienced a mild summer but parts of eastern India saw extreme temperatures in April …

World Environment Day: Oceans are feeling the heat
1 year, 9 months ago

World Environment Day: Oceans are feeling the heat

Live Mint  

It’s not just land temperatures we need to keep an eye on. An update from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List in December 2022 also highlighted that human activity is leaving marine species devastated. This Red List update brings to light new evidence of the multiple interacting threats to declining life in the sea,” said Prof. Jon …

CLIMATE CHANGE | For coral reefs, things are not looking too good
2 years, 1 month ago

CLIMATE CHANGE | For coral reefs, things are not looking too good

The Hindu  

Published : Feb 28, 2023 15:51 IST Coral reefs are essentially just big limestone structures built by thousands of tiny coral creatures called polyps. Coral reefs act like low-crested breakwaters and absorb 97 per cent of wave energy. Coral reefs cover less than 0.5 per cent of the earth’s surface, but they are home to about 25 per cent of …

Role of reef sharks 'cannot be replaced', says study as most risk extinction
2 years, 2 months ago

Role of reef sharks 'cannot be replaced', says study as most risk extinction

Firstpost  

Nearly two-thirds of the sharks and rays that live among the world’s corals are threatened with extinction, according to new research published Tuesday, with a warning this could further imperil precious reefs. The authors found 59 percent of coral reef shark and ray species are threatened with extinction, an extinction risk almost double that of sharks and rays in general. …

Coral bleaching causing ’unnecessary’ fish fights, threatening their survival
2 years, 2 months ago

Coral bleaching causing ’unnecessary’ fish fights, threatening their survival

Live Mint  

Fish that have lost food due to mass coral bleaching are getting into more unnecessary fights, causing them to expend precious energy and potentially threatening their survival, according to new research released on Wednesday. With the future of the world's coral reefs threatened by climate change, a team of researchers studied how a mass bleaching event affected 38 species of …

Australia argues against ‘endangered’ Barrier Reef status
2 years, 4 months ago

Australia argues against ‘endangered’ Barrier Reef status

Associated Press  

CANBERRA, Australia — Australia’s environment minister said Tuesday her government will lobby against UNESCO adding the Great Barrier Reef to a list of endangered World Heritage sites, arguing that criticisms of government inaction on climate change were outdated. “We’ll very clearly make the point to UNESCO that there is no need to single the Great Barrier Reef out in this …

It could get a lot worse: 3 dangerous tipping points the climate is approaching
2 years, 4 months ago

It could get a lot worse: 3 dangerous tipping points the climate is approaching

NPR  

It could get a lot worse: 3 dangerous tipping points the climate is approaching toggle caption Ryan Kellman/NPR The goal of the international climate meeting underway in the United Arab Emirates is to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to temperatures in the late 1800s. If countries, including the United States, follow through on current promises to reduce …

Heat-resilient Red Sea reefs offer last stand for corals
2 years, 5 months ago

Heat-resilient Red Sea reefs offer last stand for corals

The Hindu  

Beneath the waters off Egypt's Red Sea coast a kaleidoscopic ecosystem teems with life that could become the world's "last coral refuge" as global heating eradicates reefs elsewhere, researchers say. But Red Sea coral reefs, unlike those elsewhere, have proven "highly tolerant to rising sea temperatures," said Mahmoud Hanafy, professor of marine biology at Egypt's Suez Canal University. "In the …

Mass extinction of up to 90 PERCENT of all marine species could happen by 2100
2 years, 7 months ago

Mass extinction of up to 90 PERCENT of all marine species could happen by 2100

Daily Mail  

Nearly 90 percent of all marine species are at high or critical risk of going extinct by the end of the century if humans do not curb greenhouse emissions, a new study warns. A team of researchers led by Dalhousie University in Canada, evaluated climate risks of nearly 25,000 species that live in the upper 328 feet of the ocean …

Great Barrier Reef recovers but coral still in danger from climate crisis
2 years, 7 months ago

Great Barrier Reef recovers but coral still in danger from climate crisis

The Independent  

Australian scientists say they have recorded the highest levels of coral cover in 36 years in some parts of the Great Barrier Reef. Dr Paul Hardisty, CEO at Aims, said: “Every summer the reef is at risk of temperature stress, bleaching and potentially mortality and our understanding of how the ecosystem responds to that is still developing.” Dr Mike Emslie, …

Parts of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef show fragile comeback
2 years, 7 months ago

Parts of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef show fragile comeback

Al Jazeera  

Two-thirds of the Great Barrier Reefs sees the largest amount of cover in 36 years, new report says. Two-thirds of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef showed the largest amount of coral cover in 36 years, according to an official long-term monitoring programme but the reef remains vulnerable to increasingly frequent mass bleaching. The recovery in the central and northern stretches of …

Here’s what scientists fear will happen to the ocean in the next ten years
2 years, 8 months ago

Here’s what scientists fear will happen to the ocean in the next ten years

The Independent  

Sign up to the Independent Climate email for the latest advice on saving the planet Get our free Climate email Get our free Climate email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Floating cities, wildfires, overfishing and lithium extraction for electric cars: these issues have made a …

There is hope for coral reefs
2 years, 10 months ago

There is hope for coral reefs

Salon  

Juli Berwald's love affair with coral began when she saw her first reef in college — and it changed her life. The grief from that experience stayed with her — along with a renewed concern for the future of the world's coral reefs. If we don't deal with climate change, the coral reefs have really big problems in front of …

Most Great Barrier Reef coral studied this year was bleached
2 years, 10 months ago

Most Great Barrier Reef coral studied this year was bleached

Associated Press  

CANBERRA, Australia — More than 90% of Great Barrier Reef coral surveyed this year was bleached in the fourth such mass event in seven years in the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem, Australian government scientists said. Bleaching is caused by global warming, but this is the reef’s first bleaching event during a La Niña weather pattern, which is associated with …

Summer heatwave bleaches 91 percent of Great Barrier Reef: report
2 years, 10 months ago

Summer heatwave bleaches 91 percent of Great Barrier Reef: report

Raw Story  

A prolonged summer heatwave in Australia left 91 percent of the Great Barrier Reef's coral damaged by bleaching, according to a new government monitoring report. The Reef Snapshot report offered new details of the damage caused by the fourth "mass bleaching" the world's largest coral reef system has experienced since 2016, which was first revealed in March. The Great Barrier …

Most Great Barrier Reef coral studied this year was bleached
2 years, 10 months ago

Most Great Barrier Reef coral studied this year was bleached

LA Times  

A diver swims past coral on the Great Barrier Reef off Australia in 2016. More than 90% of Great Barrier Reef coral surveyed this year was bleached in the fourth such mass event in seven years, Australian government scientists said. Bleaching is caused by global warming, but this is the reef’s first bleaching event during a La Niña weather pattern, …

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