Union Budget 2022 | RBI to introduce Digital Rupee
2 years, 10 months ago

Union Budget 2022 | RBI to introduce Digital Rupee

The Hindu  

In a big ‘no’ to crypto currencies, Digital Rupee will be introduced in India during the 2022-23 financial year, Nirmala Sitharaman said on Tuesday while presenting the Union Budget. Big announcement: RBI will come up with digital money using the block chain technology: @nsitharaman#BudgetSpeech — Sobhana K Nair February 1, 2022 “Introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency will give a big boost to the digital economy. “It is, therefore, proposed to introduce Digital Rupee, using blockchain and other technologies, to be issued by the Reserve Bank of India starting 2022-23,” she added. It is important to understand how other crypto assets will be taxed and whether there will be any specific benefit given to the Digital Rupee,” said Bhatia, partner and leader - tax and regulatory services, BDO India.

Digital Union Budget Digital Rupee  india  central  tax  currency  rbi  rupee  given  crypto  using  2022  digital  union  budget  transactions  introduce

History of this topic

RBI’s Digital Rupee: Google, PhonePe, Amazon Pay, Cred, and Mobikwik To join digital currency pilot project
4 months, 2 weeks ago

RBI’s Digital Rupee: Google, PhonePe, Amazon Pay, Cred, and Mobikwik To join digital currency pilot project

The Hindu  

Google, PhonePe, Amazon Pay, Cred and Mobikwik are looking to join Indian central bank’s digital currency project by offering transactions in e-rupee, a digital alternative to the physical currency. The news comes as transactions using the digital currency reached over a million a day last year, however, they have declined ever since, to about 100,000-200,000 a day. However, in April …

RBI’s digital rupee must leap over many hurdles for wider adoption
6 months, 1 week ago

RBI’s digital rupee must leap over many hurdles for wider adoption

Live Mint  

The Reserve Bank of India has been striving to boost the adoption of its Retail-Central Bank Digital Currency or e-rupee. RBI is also aiming to onboard more non-bank payment service operators and make the e-rupee inter-operable with India’s Unified Payments Interface. Despite having clearly defined use-cases for their country-specific CBDCs, these pilot projects suffered from weak internet connectivity and poor …

Budget Highlights 2024: Govt to lay white paper on economic performance
10 months, 3 weeks ago

Budget Highlights 2024: Govt to lay white paper on economic performance

Hindustan Times  

Feb 1, 2024 7:33 PM IST Ashish Singhal, Co-founder and Group CEO, PeepalCo says, "Crypto is experiencing a resurgence this year. On a positive note, the Government of India now has the chance to introduce comprehensive crypto regulations and improved tax policies in the upcoming full Budget, with the full support of the electorate. We continue to urge: i) Allow …

Crypto India Tax PMLA State Future Regulation RBI CBDC Digital Rupee ABP Live TV
1 year, 3 months ago

Crypto India Tax PMLA State Future Regulation RBI CBDC Digital Rupee ABP Live TV

ABP News  

Crypto is often called the "Internet of Value" and for good reason. Here’s Why Crypto Could Prove Important To India Remittances: A Game Changer India holds the global top spot for remittance receipts, raking in approximately $80 billion annually. Crypto and decentralised technologies are not merely optional but vital to safeguarding India's national sovereignty. Enterprise Adoption A consortium of 15 …

Rs 14,900-cr Push to Digital India Project
1 year, 4 months ago

Rs 14,900-cr Push to Digital India Project

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The government has approved an extension of the Digital India project, valued at over Rs 14,900 crore, spanning five years from 2021-2022 onwards. This development arrives amidst a context where the Digital India Programme faced a reduction in the budget estimate for the ongoing fiscal year in comparison to the revised estimate of the previous year. Whereas the …

Union Cabinet approves ₹14,903 cr for expansion of Digital India programme
1 year, 4 months ago

Union Cabinet approves ₹14,903 cr for expansion of Digital India programme

Hindustan Times  

The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday approved the expansion of the Digital India programme with an outlay of ₹14,903 crore. Union electronics and information technology minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said that it will boost the digital economy of India, drive digital access to services and support the country’s IT and electronics ecosystem. The minister said that …

Digital Rupee: RBI Aims To Expand Use Cases, Features Of Retail, Wholesale CBDC
1 year, 6 months ago

Digital Rupee: RBI Aims To Expand Use Cases, Features Of Retail, Wholesale CBDC

News 18  

The Reserve Bank of India targets to expand the use cases and features of CBDC-Retail and CBDC-Wholesale, according to the central bank’s annual report released on Tuesday. “During 2023-24, the Reserve Bank aims at expanding the ongoing pilots in CBDC-Retail and CBDC-Wholesale by incorporating various use cases and features. “As the Reserve Bank embarks upon the journey of realising the …

Digital Rupee: RBI launches expand e-Rupee pilot to include more banks
1 year, 6 months ago

Digital Rupee: RBI launches expand e-Rupee pilot to include more banks

Live Mint  

The Reserve Bank of India wants to expand the ongoing pilot of the Central Bank Digital Currency and incorporate various use cases and features in 2023-24. In its annual report for 2022-2023, the central bank said, "During 2023-24, the Reserve Bank of India aims at expanding the ongoing pilots in CBDC-Retail and CBDC-Wholesale by incorporating various use cases and features." …

Budget 2023: An Effort To Enable Environment for Inclusive Growth of Fintech, Payments Sector
1 year, 10 months ago

Budget 2023: An Effort To Enable Environment for Inclusive Growth of Fintech, Payments Sector

News 18  

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1 presented the first Budget of ‘Amrit Kaal’, which envisions a prosperous and inclusive India, as we move towards 100 years of independence. Increase in outlay is also important to incentivise and compensate financial institutions and payment service providers as they absorb losses to create and maintain large infrastructure for the payment rails …

'Net' Gains: Digital Transactions in India in 2022-23 Break All Records
1 year, 10 months ago

'Net' Gains: Digital Transactions in India in 2022-23 Break All Records

News 18  

The number of digital transactions in India in this financial year is at a historic high, zooming past the last fiscal’s figure with still three months to go. The latest government data reveals that 9,192 crore digital transactions have been done in the country in this financial year till December 31, 2022. The total value of digital transactions in India …

Union Budget 2023-24: Why this year's Budget needs to be seen through the lenses of India as a rising power
1 year, 10 months ago

Union Budget 2023-24: Why this year's Budget needs to be seen through the lenses of India as a rising power

Firstpost  

Budgets are always instruments, not only for assessing expenditure and income, but also for projecting what kind of nation a country wishes to be seen as India has been a low-middle-income country for a decade now, and this decade must be about its transition to middle-middle income status. Rising India is likely to signal in this budget that not only …

Budget 2023: FM Sitharaman's past key budget announcements on banking
1 year, 10 months ago

Budget 2023: FM Sitharaman's past key budget announcements on banking

Hindustan Times  

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1 will present the Union Budget for the fiscal year 2023-24. Budget 2019-20 In her first Union Budget as Finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman announced to re-capitalise Public Sector Banks of ₹70,000 crore to boost credit which was part of previously announced ₹3 lakh crore capital infusion. Budget 2021-22 The budget of 2021-22 proposed setting …

Budget 2023: Delhi traders write to FM Sitharaman, seek relief for middle class
1 year, 10 months ago

Budget 2023: Delhi traders write to FM Sitharaman, seek relief for middle class

Hindustan Times  

Delhi-based association of traders, Chamber of Trade and Industry, as part of its pre-Budget recommendations, wrote a letter to Union finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman seeking relief for middle-class people and small traders. Especially the middle class and 20 lakh traders of Delhi have not got any relief in the budget in the last eight years and everyone is hopeful that …

Budget 2023: FM Nirmala Sitharaman must classify cryptocurrencies as asset class rather than speculative instruments
1 year, 10 months ago

Budget 2023: FM Nirmala Sitharaman must classify cryptocurrencies as asset class rather than speculative instruments

Firstpost  

Cryptocurrencies have been gaining momentum worldwide for the past two years, making big headlines. Tax on VDAs The Union Budget of India in 2022 has introduced a system of taxation on virtual digital assets with a 30 percent tax on gains and 1 percent on Tax Deducted at Source. Need for a progressive approach to taxation The crypto industry is …

Digital currency to further bolster digital economy, make payment system more efficient: RBI
1 year, 10 months ago

Digital currency to further bolster digital economy, make payment system more efficient: RBI

India TV News  

RBI Executive Director Ajay Kumar Choudhary on Wednesday the digital currency will further bolster the digital economy, make the payment system more efficient and reduce the cost involved in physical cash management. Central Bank Digital Currency The RBI has already launched pilots of CBDC in wholesale and retail segments last year. He said the key motivation for exploring the issuance …

Digital Rupee: Understanding the risks of using digital currency
1 year, 11 months ago

Digital Rupee: Understanding the risks of using digital currency

Live Mint  

Digital currency is essentially a replacement of conventional paper currency by currency in the form of digital data on a technology-based platform on a mobile device or otherwise. According to Stas Protassov, Co-founder and executive board member, Acronis, one of the risks which exist for most if not all digital currencies is double-spending scams exploiting protocol issues or application software …

Centre earmarks ₹2,600 crore as incentive for banks to promote digital payments
1 year, 11 months ago

Centre earmarks ₹2,600 crore as incentive for banks to promote digital payments

The Hindu  

The Union Cabinet approved an outlay of ₹2,600 crore to promote payments using RuPay cards and the Unified Payments Interface, Union Minister Bhupendra Yadav announced on Wednesday. Banks will be provided this incentive money to promote such digital payments, the Cabinet said in a press release. “The scheme will also promote UPI Lite and UPI 123PAY as economical and user-friendly …

Digital rupee not the magic bullet Central government is hoping for
1 year, 11 months ago

Digital rupee not the magic bullet Central government is hoping for

The Hindu  

Published : Dec 29, 2022 10:30 IST In recent times, the financial world has been in a state of excitement after the Reserve Bank of India announced the launch of the pilot for a retail digital rupee on December 1. Crypto gamble It is to be noted that with the threat of cryptocurrency, which began with Bitcoin in 2009, now …

Next Financial Crisis Will Come From Private Cryptocurrencies, Says RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das
2 years ago

Next Financial Crisis Will Come From Private Cryptocurrencies, Says RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das

News 18  

RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das on Wednesday said the biggest concern with the private cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum is that they do not have any underlying value, and if they are allowed to grow, the next financial crisis will come from them. If you allow it to grow, the next financial crisis will come from private cryptocurrencies.” Das has in …

Year Ender 2022: Government schemes launched this year
2 years ago

Year Ender 2022: Government schemes launched this year

Firstpost  

To impart world class quality education to the students in the county, the Budget 2022 announced a slew of measures from Digital Ecosystem for Skilling and Livelihood to expanding the One class One TV channel programme to 200 television channels In 2022, the Centre announced several schemes that could benefit the lives of its citizens. From trade settlement in rupees …

Explained | Why has the Reserve Bank of India introduced an e-rupee?
2 years ago

Explained | Why has the Reserve Bank of India introduced an e-rupee?

The Hindu  

The story so far: The Reserve Bank of India this week launched the digital rupee on a pilot basis. The digital rupee, or the e-rupee, is a central bank digital currency issued by the RBI. The introduction of central bank digital currencies internationally has worried many who believe that it could disrupt the banking system. A rise in the use …

Experts Explain Benefits And Technological Challenges Of Digital Rupee
2 years ago

Experts Explain Benefits And Technological Challenges Of Digital Rupee

ABP News  

India’s first pilot project on retail digital rupee was rolled out by the Reserve Bank of India on Thursday in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Bhubaneswar. The retail digital rupee project has started in a closed user group with the participation of four lenders – State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, YES Bank, and IDFC First Bank – as well …

RBI Rolls Out First Pilot Project For Retail Digital Rupee In 4 Cities
2 years ago

RBI Rolls Out First Pilot Project For Retail Digital Rupee In 4 Cities

ABP News  

The Reserve Bank of India on Thursday launched the first pilot project for retail digital rupee in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Bhubaneswar. The retail digital rupee project has started in a closed user group with the participation of four lenders -- State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank and IDFC First Bank -- as well as customers and …

Digital rupee a 'game changer', says SBI Chairman Dinesh Khara
2 years ago

Digital rupee a 'game changer', says SBI Chairman Dinesh Khara

India TV News  

Digital rupee : SBI Chairman Dinesh Khara today said the Reserve Bank's first pilot project for retail digital rupee is a game changer with durable effects that should ensure better monetary transmission at much lesser costs. The pilot project for retail digital rupee, RBI's central bank digital currency started in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru and Bhubaneswar on Thursday and State …

How the RBI's digital currency can help economy
2 years ago

How the RBI's digital currency can help economy

Live Mint  

Readers of a certain age group might remember Ramon Bonus Stamps. What's driving FIIs’ bullish bets on Nifty IIT-K student hits record ₹4 cr placement jackpot Story takes a turn for PVR, Inox Leisure after a flop Q2 How young Indian couples budget for their weddings Imagine different currencies competing for dominance in usage without any sovereign backing. That is …

All you need to know about e-Rupee
2 years ago

All you need to know about e-Rupee

Deccan Chronicle  

HYDERABAD: The Reserve Bank of India has launched India’s e-rupee on Thursday, as a pilot covering four cities New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Bhubaneswar and will subsequently expand it to nine more cities in the initial phase. Four banks – State Bank of India, Yes Bank, ICICI Bank and IDFC First Bank – will be involved initially in the launch …

RBI to launch Digital Rupee pilot in 4 cities today: Supported banks, and more details
2 years ago

RBI to launch Digital Rupee pilot in 4 cities today: Supported banks, and more details

India Today  

The first pilot of the Reserve Bank of India-issued digital Rupee will begin today, December 1. The central bank earlier this week announced that the digital currency will begin with four banks - State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank and IDFC First Bank in four cities across the country. In a release, RBI stated, "The pilot will test …

Time is right for a digital rupee
2 years ago

Time is right for a digital rupee

Hindustan Times  

Starting this month, the Reserve Bank of India will begin a pilot project that will put a digital rupee, or e ₹, in the hands of individuals. In simple terms, a CBDC is the closest virtual equivalent of cash with the liability for its value resting directly with the central bank, instead of — as is the case at present …

Digital Rupee coming on Dec 1, here is everything to know about it
2 years ago

Digital Rupee coming on Dec 1, here is everything to know about it

Live Mint  

The Reserve Bank of India on Tuesday announced a pilot for retail central bank digital currency on 1 December. A Central Bank Digital Currency or Digital Rupee is a digital form of currency notes issued by a central bank. The central bank also said that users will be able to transact with digital rupee through a digital wallet offered by …

Pilot for retail digital rupee to begin on December 1
2 years ago

Pilot for retail digital rupee to begin on December 1

The Hindu  

The Reserve Bank of India on November 29 announced that the first pilot for the retail version of the digital rupee would be introduced on December 1, 2022. The pilot would cover select locations in closed user groups comprising participating customers and merchants. The first phase will begin with four banks, namely State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank …

How will digital rupee rollout impact physical currency?
2 years, 1 month ago

How will digital rupee rollout impact physical currency?

Firstpost  

The Reserve Bank of India has launched its pilot project on the Central Bank Digital Rupee starting, 1 November. Here’s what the experts told CNBC TV18 The Reserve Bank of India has launched its pilot project on the Central Bank Digital Rupee starting November 1. It is widely anticipated that the digital rupee ideated by RBI will be generated through …

Central Bank Digital Currency is going to be a major transformation in the way business is done: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das
2 years, 1 month ago

Central Bank Digital Currency is going to be a major transformation in the way business is done: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das

The Hindu  

Reserve Bank of India Governor Shaktikanta Das said Central Bank Digital Currency is going to be a major transformation in the way business is done — the way transactions are conducted and highlighted that RBI is among the very few central banks in the world which have taken this initiative. While addressing FIBAC on November 2, Governor Shaktikanta Das said, …

RBI to launch India’s first digital rupee project: What is a CBDC and how will it work?
2 years, 1 month ago

RBI to launch India’s first digital rupee project: What is a CBDC and how will it work?

Firstpost  

The Reserve Bank of India will roll out the digital rupee for the wholesale segment today as part of its pilot project. The digital rupee will give a big boost to the economy and positively change the banking scenario of the country After months of talks and rumours swirling, the Reserve Bank of India will roll out the digital rupee …

RBI Digital Rupee pilot for wholesale segment from November 1
2 years, 1 month ago

RBI Digital Rupee pilot for wholesale segment from November 1

The Hindu  

The first pilot in the Digital Rupee, Wholesale segment will commence on November 1, 2022, the Reserve Bank of India said in a circular. Settlement in central bank money would reduce transaction costs by pre- empting the need for settlement guarantee infrastructure or for collateral to mitigate settlement risk,” the circular said. The first pilot in Digital Rupee — Retail …

Digital Rupee: RBI To Begin First Pilot In Wholesale Segment on Tuesday
2 years, 1 month ago

Digital Rupee: RBI To Begin First Pilot In Wholesale Segment on Tuesday

News 18  

India’s First Central Bank Digital Currency: The Reserve Bank of India on Monday said the first pilot in the digital rupee– wholesale segment will commence on Tuesday. The announcement comes after the central bank earlier this month said that it will soon commence pilot launch of the digital rupee for specific use cases. The RBI also said, “The first pilot …

Explained: How RBI is using technology to operationalise e-rupee? 10 points
2 years, 2 months ago

Explained: How RBI is using technology to operationalise e-rupee? 10 points

Hindustan Times  

The Reserve bank of India on Friday came up with a concept note detailing plan of introducing its own digital currency - the Central Bank Digital Currency. RBI is planning to start the e-rupee project on a pilot basis The RBI in its 51-page concept note detailed various aspects including the technological measures to operationalise its electronic currency, its underlying …

India’s RBI to soon commence pilot project of digital rupee
2 years, 2 months ago

India’s RBI to soon commence pilot project of digital rupee

The Hindu  

The Reserve Bank of India will soon commence limited pilot launches of a central bank-backed digital rupee for specific use cases, it said in a concept paper released on Friday. The RBI has been exploring the pros and cons of a central bank digital currency for some time and is working towards a strategy to implement it in a phased …

RBI says e-rupee will bolster India's digital economy, pilot launch soon
2 years, 2 months ago

RBI says e-rupee will bolster India's digital economy, pilot launch soon

Hindustan Times  

The Reserve Bank of India on Friday released a concept note on its digital currency, stating that it will soon begin the pilot launch e-rupee for specific use cases. In a statement, the central bank said the purpose behind the issue of the concept note is to create an awareness about the central bank digital currency and the planned features …

RBI to soon launch e-rupee on pilot basis for limited use
2 years, 2 months ago

RBI to soon launch e-rupee on pilot basis for limited use

India TV News  

Digital money : The Reserve Bank on Friday said it will soon commence the pilot launch of the e-rupee for specific use cases as it tests digital currency in India. "As the extent and scope of such pilot launches expand, RBI will continue to communicate about the specific features and benefits of e-rupee, from time to time," the central bank …

CBDC: Nepal To Issue Its Own Digital Currency, Prepares Legal Changes
2 years, 4 months ago

CBDC: Nepal To Issue Its Own Digital Currency, Prepares Legal Changes

ABP News  

Nepal’s central bank, the Nepal Rastra Bank, is preparing to launch its own central bank digital currency soon. Following a study that noted that the introduction of a CBDC is indeed a feasible project, the NRB said it is ready with revisions to the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2002, that would allow it to issue a digital variant of its …

Digital Rupee: Why India Is Keen On Introducing A CBDC
2 years, 4 months ago

Digital Rupee: Why India Is Keen On Introducing A CBDC

ABP News  

Earlier this year, India announced plans to have its own central bank digital currency. The RBI has defined CBDC as a “legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form. It will seem like any other digital payment service to users but since the CBDC will be a direct liability of the central bank, it would be more …

We are well placed to let fintech lead the success of Digital India
2 years, 4 months ago

We are well placed to let fintech lead the success of Digital India

Live Mint  

From a 6.6% contraction in 2020-21, the Indian economy recorded a sharp rebound of 8.7% growth in 2021-22, by provisional estimates. The Niti Aayog report, India’s Booming Gig and Platform Economy, has underscored the role of fintech and a regulatory sandbox regime in helping India achieve its $5 trillion target. Broadly, the fintech sector is regulated under five regulations: the …

Phased implementation of digital currency for wholesale, retail segments in the works: RBI official
2 years, 5 months ago

Phased implementation of digital currency for wholesale, retail segments in the works: RBI official

The Hindu  

The Reserve Bank of India is in the process of implementing the Central Bank Digital Currency in a phased manner for wholesale and retail segments, an official said on Wednesday. The introduction of CBDC was announced in the Union Budget 2022-23, by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and necessary amendments to the relevant section of the RBI Act, 1934 have been …

Phased implementation of digital currency for wholesale, retail segments at works: RBI official
2 years, 5 months ago

Phased implementation of digital currency for wholesale, retail segments at works: RBI official

India Today  

The Reserve Bank of India is in the process of implementing the Central Bank Digital Currency in a phased manner for the wholesale and retail segments, an official said on Wednesday. The introduction of CBDC was announced in the Union Budget 2022-23, by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and necessary amendments to the relevant section of the RBI Act, 1934 has …

RBI to adopt graded approach to introduce digital currency
2 years, 6 months ago

RBI to adopt graded approach to introduce digital currency

Firstpost  

The RBI said that it has been exploring the pros and cons of the introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency in India and the appropriate design elements of CBDCs that could be implemented with little, or no disruption are under examination New Delhi: The Reserve Bank of India on Friday said that it is proposing to adopt a graded approach …

Data | India transitions from money purse to digital wallets
2 years, 9 months ago

Data | India transitions from money purse to digital wallets

The Hindu  

The pandemic has accelerated India’s transition to a digital economy. The RBI’s newly introduced digital payments index also shows that digital payments surged in India, especially during the pandemic. However, the currency in circulation as a % of the GDP has crossed pre-demonetisation levels in India and is the highest among the economies compared Wallets preferred The chart shows the …

'We See Clear Advantages in a Central Bank Driven Digital Currency': Nirmala Sitharaman
2 years, 9 months ago

'We See Clear Advantages in a Central Bank Driven Digital Currency': Nirmala Sitharaman

News 18  

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday said the 'Digital Rupee' is a conscious call taken in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India and the government sees clear advantages in a central bank driven digital currency. "It was a conscious call taken in consultation with the central bank- the Reserve Bank of India….we would like them to design it …

How a digital rupee could transform India
2 years, 10 months ago

How a digital rupee could transform India

Hindustan Times  

The story you often hear about the Industrial Revolution in 18th century England is one of technological transformation. In one variant, the central bank will become the sole deposit-taking institution, transforming itself into a citizens’ bank. The key design imperative in the beta variant is to prevent a competition for deposits between commercial banks and the central bank so that …

Discussions on with RBI over digital currency, says Finance Minister Sitharaman
2 years, 10 months ago

Discussions on with RBI over digital currency, says Finance Minister Sitharaman

India TV News  

Highlights FM said discussions with regard to central bank-backed digital currency have been going on with RBI. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Monday said discussions with regard to central bank-backed digital currency have been going on with the Reserve Bank and a decision will be taken after due deliberations. Sitharaman in her Budget speech on February 1 had announced that …

Sanjeev Ahluwalia | Will digital rupee take India higher, faster?
2 years, 10 months ago

Sanjeev Ahluwalia | Will digital rupee take India higher, faster?

Deccan Chronicle  

Expectations are sky-high that the “digital rupee” — a central bank digital currency announced by finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Budget speech this year — will ensure a quantum jump to the digital economy, enhance GDP growth and boost financial inclusion. Transactions, within and between blocks, take place across multiple “nodes” — functionally akin to transaction termination points. A …

Discover Related