Fresh US sanctions on Russian oil unlikely to have immediate impact on India
1 day, 12 hours ago

Fresh US sanctions on Russian oil unlikely to have immediate impact on India

Live Mint  

New Delhi: US’s fresh sanctions on two Russian oil producers along with tankers are unlikely to have an immediate impact on India for about the next two months as the crude required for this period has already loaded on vessels and is in transit, a top government official said. Strategic oil sourcing Russia has emerged as the top supplier of oil to India in the past three years as it offered crude at discounted prices after its invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Noting that India would not deal with the sanctioned entities, the official noted that while one of the companies does not supply oil to India, the other, although supplies a significant amount, it won’t have any major impact India's availability of crude. India, imports about 85% of its needs, and despite initial pressure from the US and European countries in 2022, it has been sourcing oil from Russia and has said that it would continue buying oil from the cheapest available sources to meet its growing demand and achieve energy security.

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History of this topic

China, India seek new supplies as U.S. sanctions tighten grip on Russian oil
Trending News
1 day, 4 hours ago

China, India seek new supplies as U.S. sanctions tighten grip on Russian oil

The Hindu  

Chinese and Indian refiners are seeking alternative fuel supplies as they adapt to severe new U.S. sanctions on Russian producers and tankers that are designed to curb the revenues of the world’s second-largest oil exporter. Analysts said the new sanctions were likely to reduce Russian oil exports in the short term, but Russia could adapt by using the vessels in …

Stricter US sanctions threaten Russia's oil trade with India and China: Report
Top News
2 days, 6 hours ago

Stricter US sanctions threaten Russia's oil trade with India and China: Report

India Today  

New US sanctions on Russian oil producers and ships are expected to disrupt Russia’s oil trade with India and China, two of its largest customers, according to a report by news agency Reuters. The US Treasury announced tougher sanctions on Friday, targeting major Russian oil producers Gazprom Neft and Surgutneftegas, as well as 183 ships involved in transporting Russian oil. …

Tougher U.S. sanctions to curb Russian oil supply to China and India, says analysts
2 days, 21 hours ago

Tougher U.S. sanctions to curb Russian oil supply to China and India, says analysts

The Hindu  

Chinese and Indian refiners will source more oil from the Middle East, Africa and the Americas, boosting prices and freight costs, as new U.S. sanctions on Russian producers and ships curb supplies to Moscow's top customers, traders and analysts said. Russian oil exports will be hurt severely by the new sanctions, which will force Chinese independent refiners to cut refining …

Oil sizzles to 3-month high after US imposes tougher sanctions on Russian crude; Brent rallies 4% to touch $80
3 days, 20 hours ago

Oil sizzles to 3-month high after US imposes tougher sanctions on Russian crude; Brent rallies 4% to touch $80

Live Mint  

International crude oil prices rallied nearly three per cent to hit their highest in three months in the previous session after commodity traders braced for supply disruptions from the broadest US sanctions package targeting Russian oil and gas revenue amid the ongoing military attacks on Ukraine. US West Texas Intermediate crude futures rose $2.65, or 3.6 per cent, to settle …

US and UK will target Russia’s energy sector with new sanctions as Biden prepares to leave office
Trending News
4 days, 14 hours ago

US and UK will target Russia’s energy sector with new sanctions as Biden prepares to leave office

The Independent  

Sign up for the daily Inside Washington email for exclusive US coverage and analysis sent to your inbox Get our free Inside Washington email Get our free Inside Washington email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Separately, the State Department will also block “two active liquefied natural gas projects, a …

Iran Asks India To Resume Oil Trade, Relax Visas
1 week, 5 days ago

Iran Asks India To Resume Oil Trade, Relax Visas

ABP News  

The new Iranian administration under President Masoud Pezeshkian is planning to give a renewed push for resumption of oil trade with India even as Tehran is seeking expansion of people-to-people ties with New Delhi by way of visa relaxation, according to a senior Iranian official. We understand why India has to follow the sanctions but trade is falling year-on-year which …

India’s petroleum exports plunge amid weak global demand, Red Sea disruptions
1 week, 6 days ago

India’s petroleum exports plunge amid weak global demand, Red Sea disruptions

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Exports of petroleum products took a hit in November, weighed down by sluggish demand in developed economies, a rise in domestic consumption and a significant decline in cheap petroleum imports from Russia. Compounding the issue, India’s imports of Russian crude oil in November fell to their lowest levels since June 2022, according to a recent report from the …

Indian state refiners may buy Mideast spot oil to replace Russian shortfall
3 weeks ago

Indian state refiners may buy Mideast spot oil to replace Russian shortfall

Live Mint  

* State refiners look to Middle East crude * Russian oil exports drop on domestic demand, OPEC * Three state refiners may tap stocks to cover processing in March By Nidhi Verma NEW DELHI, Dec 24 - Indian state refiners are considering tapping the Middle East crude market as spot supply from their top supplier Russia have fallen, three refining …

Middle East share of India’s Nov oil imports at 9-month high; Russia down
3 weeks, 1 day ago

Middle East share of India’s Nov oil imports at 9-month high; Russia down

Live Mint  

By Nidhi Verma NEW DELHI - India's November crude imports showed Middle Eastern oil at a 9-month high while Russia accounted for its smallest share in three quarters, ship tracking data obtained from sources showed. The world's third biggest oil importer and consumer in November shipped in 13% less Russia oil compared with October at 1.52 million barrels per day, …

India’s crude oil imports from Russia drop 55% in November, lowest since June 2022
4 weeks, 2 days ago

India’s crude oil imports from Russia drop 55% in November, lowest since June 2022

Live Mint  

India's import of Russian crude dropped to its lowest level since June 2022 in November this year, reported the news agency PTI on Sunday, December 15, citing a Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air report. “India's imports of Russian crude oil dropped by a massive 55 per cent in November - the lowest figure since June 2022,” the …

Russia signs $13bn-a-year oil deal with India in blow to Western sanctions
1 month ago

Russia signs $13bn-a-year oil deal with India in blow to Western sanctions

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy Russian state-owned oil firm Rosneft …

Rosneft, Reliance agree biggest ever India-Russia oil supply deal: Reports
1 month ago

Rosneft, Reliance agree biggest ever India-Russia oil supply deal: Reports

Deccan Chronicle  

Russia's state oil firm Rosneft has agreed to supply nearly 500,000 barrels per day of crude to Indian private refiner Reliance in the biggest ever energy deal between the two countries, three sources familiar with the deal said.The 10-year agreement amounts to 0.5% of global supply and is worth roughly $13 billion a year at today's prices. The company declined …

US Considers New Russia Oil Sanctions to Weaken Putin Ahead of Trump
1 month ago

US Considers New Russia Oil Sanctions to Weaken Putin Ahead of Trump

Deccan Chronicle  

The Biden administration is weighing new, harsher sanctions against Russia’s lucrative oil trade, seeking to tighten the squeeze on the Kremlin’s war machine just weeks before Donald Trump returns to the White House.Details of the possible new measures were still being worked out, but President Joe Biden’s team was considering restrictions that might target some Russian oil exports, according to …

EU shares with India inputs on Indian entities making supplies to Russia in 'violation' of G7 sanctions
1 month ago

EU shares with India inputs on Indian entities making supplies to Russia in 'violation' of G7 sanctions

Hindustan Times  

New Delhi, The European Union has provided India with inputs on the alleged involvement of certain Indian entities in supplying "high priority" goods with possible military application to Russia in violation of Western sanctions, people familiar with the development said. EU shares with India inputs on Indian entities making supplies to Russia in 'violation' of G7 sanctions EU Sanctions Envoy …

Exclusive-Rising costs squeeze intermediaries out of thriving Russian oil trade with India
1 month, 1 week ago

Exclusive-Rising costs squeeze intermediaries out of thriving Russian oil trade with India

Live Mint  

By Nidhi Verma NEW DELHI/MOSCOW - Three trading houses have become dominant sellers of Russian oil to India as many smaller players dropped out of the business due to high funding costs in Russia and lack of access to Western funds, according to data and six trading sources. Traders such as Dubai-based Starex Trading and Pontus Trading, which were large …

US sanctions 35 entities & ships for transporting Iranian oil, including 2 Indian firms
1 month, 1 week ago

US sanctions 35 entities & ships for transporting Iranian oil, including 2 Indian firms

Firstpost  

Two Indian companies are among 35 entities and vessels sanctioned by the United States for transporting Iranian oil In the latest tranche of sanctions on Iran, the United States has imposed sanctions on 35 entities and ships for transporting Iranian oil. The firms sanctioned for transporting Iranian oil include two Indian firms as well. The Treasury said the two companies …

Saudi Arabia boosts crude oil share in Asia at Russia’s expense: Russell
1 month, 1 week ago

Saudi Arabia boosts crude oil share in Asia at Russia’s expense: Russell

Live Mint  

By Clyde Russell LAUNCESTON, Australia, - Saudi Arabia clawed back market share of Asia's crude oil imports in November, while Russia surrendered some of its barrels in what may be an early sign of a shift in market dynamics. Asia's imports from Saudi Arabia, the world's biggest crude exporter, rose to 5.83 million barrels per day in November, up from …

week high as Russia, Iran tensions support prices
1 month, 3 weeks ago

week high as Russia, Iran tensions support prices

Live Mint  

* Iran to hold nuclear talks with European powers on Nov 29 * China's crude imports to rebound in Nov * India refining throughput up 3% year-on-year for Oct By Florence Tan SINGORE, - Oil prices hovered near two-week highs on Monday following 6% gains last week, as geopolitical tensions heightened between western powers and major oil producers Russia and …

The biggest remaining unsanctioned Russian bank hit with U.S. sanctions, nearly three years into war
1 month, 3 weeks ago

The biggest remaining unsanctioned Russian bank hit with U.S. sanctions, nearly three years into war

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — Russia’s third largest bank, Gazprombank and its six foreign subsidiaries were hit with U.S. sanctions on Thursday — in a move intended to curtail Russia’s ability to evade the thousands of sanctions imposed on the nation since the start of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said the sanctions targeting Russia’s largest remaining …

Russia wants to become the second-largest oil producer in the world
2 months ago

Russia wants to become the second-largest oil producer in the world

China Daily  

Russia is reportedly considering a major oil-sector shakeup by merging three of its largest oil companies: state-backed Rosneft and Gazprom Neft and privately-held Lukoil. Notably, the consolidation could allow Russia to command higher prices for crude oil exports to major buyers like India and China. This shift is driven by Russia’s substantial discounts on crude oil, which have made it …

India to achieve $100-billion trade with Russia well before 2030 target: Jaishankar
Trending News
2 months ago

India to achieve $100-billion trade with Russia well before 2030 target: Jaishankar

Hindustan Times  

India is confident of achieving commerce worth $100 billion with Russia before the target date of 2030 though the two sides need to address constraints to ensure trade is more balanced, external affairs minister S Jaishankar said on Tuesday. The two sides have seen “perceptible progress” in tackling challenges to trade, especially issues related to payments and logistics, but there …

Russian oil finds its way to Europe via India; India now biggest exporter of fuel to EU
2 months ago

Russian oil finds its way to Europe via India; India now biggest exporter of fuel to EU

The Hindu  

India's export of fuels like diesel to the European Union jumped 58% in the first three quarters of 2024, with a bulk of them likely coming from refining discounted Russian oil, according to a monthly tracker report. "In the 13 months since the oil price cap took effect, over one-third of India's exports of oil products to sanctioning countries was …

India seeks to boost exports to Russia after Modi's visit
5 months, 4 weeks ago

India seeks to boost exports to Russia after Modi's visit

Hindustan Times  

India is exploring ways to boost its exports to Russia, including by encouraging rupee-rouble trade and pushing Moscow to lift non-tariff barriers, New Delhi said on Monday, in the wake of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Moscow. Prime Minister Narendra Modi exchanges greetings with Russian President Vladimir Putin after receiving the Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-Called, …

Putin hosts India’s prime minister to deepen ties, but Ukraine looms over their relationship
6 months ago

Putin hosts India’s prime minister to deepen ties, but Ukraine looms over their relationship

Associated Press  

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met President Vladimir Putin in Moscow on Tuesday, seeking to deepen the relationship between the two nuclear powers at a time when NATO leaders gathered in Washington and Russia launched deadly missile attacks in Ukraine that hit a children’s hospital. “Our relationship is one of a particularly privileged strategic partnership,” Putin told Modi, who made …

Build your plants in Russia, Moscow tells Indian drugmakers
7 months ago

Build your plants in Russia, Moscow tells Indian drugmakers

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Sanctions-hit Russia is looking to India for drug security at a time of shortages triggered by its war in Ukraine, a government official aware of the matter said. Moscow has proposed financial support for Indian companies ready to build facilities in Russia, and is seeking higher pharmaceutical exports from India to meet domestic demand, the official said on …

Chabahar: India’s Balancing Act Against China, West Asia and the West
7 months, 4 weeks ago

Chabahar: India’s Balancing Act Against China, West Asia and the West

News 18  

Geostrategy is increasingly becoming a process of increasing a nation’s options. While Russia has been encountering sanctions from Western Europe and the US ever since the war with Ukraine, Iran has endured them for far longer. The US, Israel and others in West Asia are aware of India’s cordial relationship with Iran. India’s sea and land route via Chabahar in …

India saved USD 13 billion by importing discounted Russian crude
8 months, 2 weeks ago

India saved USD 13 billion by importing discounted Russian crude

New Indian Express  

NEW DELHI: India has saved around $13 billion by importing discounted crude oil from Russia in the past two years, according to a study by ICRA, the rating agency. According to energy cargo tracker Vortexa, India received 1.36 million barrels of crude oil per day from Russia in March 2024, compared to 1.27 million barrels per day in February 2024. …

India's crude oil import bill drops 16% in FY24, import dependence soars to 87%
8 months, 4 weeks ago

India's crude oil import bill drops 16% in FY24, import dependence soars to 87%

Live Mint  

India's crude oil import dropped 16 per cent in the fiscal year ended March 31 as lower international rates but the dependency on overseas suppliers rose to a new high, official data showed. {{^adFree}} {{/adFree}} But it paid USD 132.4 billion for the imports in FY24 as against USD 157.5 billion import bill in 2022-23, oil ministry's Petroleum Planning and …

No sanctions against India for purchasing, refining Russian oil: U.S. Treasury officials
9 months, 1 week ago

No sanctions against India for purchasing, refining Russian oil: U.S. Treasury officials

The Hindu  

April 04, 2024 07:55 pm | Updated 09:51 pm IST - NEW DELHI Striking a conciliatory note on India’s imports of Russian oil, U.S. Treasury department officials visiting Delhi said on April 4 that the aim of U.S. sanctions and the oil “price cap” was not to limit the purchase of Russian ‘Ural’ oil, but to limit the revenues made …

US has not asked India to reduce Russian oil imports: Officials
9 months, 1 week ago

US has not asked India to reduce Russian oil imports: Officials

Hindustan Times  

NEW DELHI: The US has not asked India to reduce its imports of Russian oil and the price cap and sanctions regime imposed by the G7 are aimed at squeezing Moscow’s profits from crude sales and impeding its ability to finance the war in Ukraine, two US officials said on Thursday. Russian oil is priced above $60 a barrel The …

US to tell event in India that price cap on Russian oil working
9 months, 1 week ago

US to tell event in India that price cap on Russian oil working

Hindustan Times  

The G7 price cap on Russian oil shipments is cutting the revenue that Moscow has available to support its invasion of Ukraine, and the mechanism's effectiveness is helped by the recent actions of Indian refiners, U.S. officials will tell an event in New Delhi on Thursday, according to prepared remarks. "We know that the Indian economy has much at stake …

Russian Ukraine conflict: CNN claims India is helping Putin get richer. Here's how it is wrong
10 months, 1 week ago

Russian Ukraine conflict: CNN claims India is helping Putin get richer. Here's how it is wrong

Op India  

The Russian oil industry is “booming despite war, sanctions” and CNN is livid with disbelief, to put it mildly. They have demanded to “close the “refining loophole”, which allows EU and G7 countries to import oil products — mainly diesel, jet fuel and gasoline — produced from Russian oil at refineries in third countries like India, Turkey or UAE.” India …

’My friend...’: Russian FM lauds Jaishankar’s response on oil import
10 months, 1 week ago

’My friend...’: Russian FM lauds Jaishankar’s response on oil import

Live Mint  

Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov has praised an old remark made by India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar at the United Nations. Lavrov at the World Youth Forum in Russia's Sochi called Jaishankar "My friend" and heaped praises on the Indian minister for navigating bilateral ties between New Delhi and Moscow amid the Ukraine war. Russian oil import According to …

So many sanctions on Russia. How much impact do they really have?
10 months, 3 weeks ago

So many sanctions on Russia. How much impact do they really have?

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — So many sanctions. Many of the new sanctions target Russian firms that contribute to the Kremlin’s war effort — everything from drone and industrial chemical manufacturers to machine tool importers. The Group of Seven allies in December 2022 imposed a $60 per barrel price cap on Russian oil, hoping to limit Russia’s revenues from fossil fuels. Treasury Deputy …

Petroleum exports drop sharply as West tightens squeeze on Russia
10 months, 3 weeks ago

Petroleum exports drop sharply as West tightens squeeze on Russia

Live Mint  

NEW DELHI: Earnings from petroleum shipments fell steeply in April-January FY24 due to the global economic slowdown, a rise in domestic consumption, and shrinking discounts on Russian oil. According to data from the government’s Niryat portal, earnings from exports of chemicals and petroleum products stood at $67.11 billion in the April-January FY24 period, down 11.29% from $75.65 billion in the …

Tankers Tied to the Russian Oil Trade Grind to a Halt Following US Sanctions
11 months ago

Tankers Tied to the Russian Oil Trade Grind to a Halt Following US Sanctions

Hindustan Times  

-- A chunk of the vast fleet of tankers that Russia uses to deliver its crude oil is grinding to a halt under the weight of US sanctions, a sign that tougher measures by western regulators might be starting to have tangible effects on Moscow. “Independent agencies, market analysts and the Russians themselves point to the fact that the price …

No disruption in oil flows to India, only freight up: HPCL head
11 months, 2 weeks ago

No disruption in oil flows to India, only freight up: HPCL head

The Hindu  

The ongoing attacks on shipping vessels by Houthi militants in the Red Sea have not impacted the flow of crude oil to India but freight has gone up due to rerouting via the Cape of Good Hope, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Chairman Pushp Kumar Joshi said. OPINION | The larger message to New Delhi from the Red Sea In a …

India's crude oil output down 1.03% to 2.5 MMT in December, imports rise 1.1% YoY: PPAC
11 months, 3 weeks ago

India's crude oil output down 1.03% to 2.5 MMT in December, imports rise 1.1% YoY: PPAC

Live Mint  

Crude oil imports increased by 1.1 per cent and 0.4 per cent during December 2023 and April-December 2023 respectively, compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. The cumulative natural gas consumption for the current financial year till December 2023 stood at 49,540 MMSCM, which was higher by 9.4 per cent compared with the corresponding period of the previous …

US sanctions UAE shipping firm for transporting Russian crude oil above USD60 per barrel price cap
11 months, 4 weeks ago

US sanctions UAE shipping firm for transporting Russian crude oil above USD60 per barrel price cap

India TV News  

Washington: The US on Thursday hit a United Arab Emirates shipping firm with sanctions after it transported Russian crude oil above the $60 per barrel price cap. This is the Treasury's first oil price cap enforcement action of 2024 — imposed on Hennesea Holdings Limited and its 18 vessels that the US Treasury now considers blocked property. Price cap The …

Europe buying Russian oil via India at record rates in 2023 despite Ukraine war
1 year ago

Europe buying Russian oil via India at record rates in 2023 despite Ukraine war

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. India became the world’s leading importer of Russian crude …

Fear of sanctions keeps SBI off Russian oil deals
1 year ago

Fear of sanctions keeps SBI off Russian oil deals

Live Mint  

NEW DELHI : State Bank of India has long avoided payment transactions for Russian oil bought by state-run refiners to avert US sanctions that came into force on 5 December 2022, two people aware of the matter said. Mint also reported about India’s largest lender requesting data on purchasing prices from refiners such as Indian Oil Corp. Ltd, Bharat Petroleum …

India reduces import of Russian crude oil over pricing
1 year ago

India reduces import of Russian crude oil over pricing

Hindustan Times  

Indian refiners have significantly cut Russian crude imports and plan to further decrease shipments from the sanctions-hit country after Moscow steeply reduced discounts from about $10 a barrel to around $2 in recent months, at least four people directly aware of the development said. Indian oil companies have decided to cut crude imports from Russia because of only one reason, …

Why India's oil purchase from Russia declined: Hardeep Singh Puri explains
1 year ago

Why India's oil purchase from Russia declined: Hardeep Singh Puri explains

Hindustan Times  

Union minister of petroleum and natural gas Hardeep Singh Puri said crude oil supply in India from Russia has not dropped because of the payment-related issues. Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri India is one of the largest importers of crude oil in the world, but its imports from Russia significantly decreased over the past few …

'No payment problem': Hardeep Singh Puri on declining oil imports from Russia
1 year ago

'No payment problem': Hardeep Singh Puri on declining oil imports from Russia

India Today  

The reduction in India's oil imports from Russia is primarily due to unattractive prices and not any payment issues, clarified Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri on Wednesday. He mentioned that, on average, India purchases 1.5 million barrels per day of Russian oil, and there have been no complaints from oil companies about facing payment settlement issues …

The dominant dollar faces a backlash in the oil market
1 year ago

The dominant dollar faces a backlash in the oil market

Live Mint  

Some major emerging economies are dabbling in trading commodities without using the dollar, as they seek to reduce their reliance on the U.S. currency. And in November, Saudi Arabia and China set up a roughly $7 billion currency-swap line, which the Chinese central bank said would strengthen financial ties and expand the use of local currencies. The tight links between …

Russia minister says oil supplies to India increased to 40 percent since Ukraine war
1 year ago

Russia minister says oil supplies to India increased to 40 percent since Ukraine war

Hindustan Times  

Moscow: Russia's deputy prime minister Alexander Novak said on Wednesday his country has redirected most its oil supplies towards India and China after the West enforced economic sanctions against it over the Ukraine war. "China -- whose share has grown to 45-50 percent -- and India have become our main partners in the current situation," Novak was quoted as saying …

U.S. imposes more Russian oil price cap sanctions and issues new compliance rules for shippers
1 year ago

U.S. imposes more Russian oil price cap sanctions and issues new compliance rules for shippers

Associated Press  

WASHINGTON — The U.S. imposed new sanctions on alleged violators of a $60 per barrel price cap on Russian oil and tightened compliance rules for insurance firms and shippers, Wednesday. Also sanctioned were Hong Kong-based Covart Energy, which has increased its share of the trade of Russian oil since the price cap policy was implemented, and Hong Kong-based Bellatrix Energy. …

Sanctions on Russian oil have failed. Were they ever meant to succeed?
1 year ago

Sanctions on Russian oil have failed. Were they ever meant to succeed?

Al Jazeera  

Last December, the European Union banned imports of Russian crude oil in a bid to starve the Russian war machine into submission over its invasion of Ukraine. Sanction-proof tankers Anticipating this, the EU, along with the G7, last year placed a $60-per-barrel price cap on Russian oil sold to third parties. “It’s basically a sanction-proof tanker.” Western protection-and-indemnity-insured tankers dropped …

The turning tides of US sanctions: India caught between a rock and a hard place
1 year ago

The turning tides of US sanctions: India caught between a rock and a hard place

Live Mint  

The recent escalation of US sanctions against Russia seems to have significant consequences for the Indian market. In the context of the US' secondary sanctions targeting Russia, India too can resort to such countermeasures to provide an avenue of insulation for its fiscal priorities and market interests. Forms of countermeasures Bilateral negotiations and conditional waivers The US government can authorize …

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