Safe harbour at risk: The Hindu Editorial on the impact of the proposed Digital India Act, 2023
1 year, 9 months ago

Safe harbour at risk: The Hindu Editorial on the impact of the proposed Digital India Act, 2023

The Hindu  

In formally outlining the crux of the proposed Digital India Act, 2023, the Minister of State, IT, Rajeev Chandrasekhar, made a case for a robust replacement of the IT Act, 2000, which is somewhat obsolete now. He ominously added a question that the government sought to revisit: “should there be a ‘safe harbour’ at all for all intermediaries?” This acquires significance as the government has been working towards increasing the compliance burden on Internet intermediaries, in particular in the IT Rules 2021 and its later amendments. These Rules themselves had put the onus on social media intermediaries to arbitrate on content on their platforms with regulations that were weighted in favour of the government of the day, and had invited legal appeals as digital news media platforms among others questioned the constitutionality of the Rules. Regulation of hate speech and disinformation on the Internet is a must and intermediaries, including digital news media and social media platforms, have an accountable role to play. Safe harbour provisions, in particular Section 230 of the U.S. Communications Decency Act, 1996, that explicitly provided immunity to online services with respect to user-generated content had gone a long way in catalysing the Net’s development.

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History of this topic

Need stricter laws to curb ‘vulgar content’ on OTT, says Ashwini Vaishnaw
3 weeks, 5 days ago

Need stricter laws to curb ‘vulgar content’ on OTT, says Ashwini Vaishnaw

Hindustan Times  

Stronger laws are required to deal with obscenity in social media, Union minister of information and broadcasting and electronics and information technology, Ashwini Vaishnaw, said in the Lok Sabha on Wednesday, especially since they lack the editorial checks of traditional media. Vaishnaw was responding to first time BJP MP Arun Govil’s question on whether a mechanism existed to check “telecast …

Doesn't match our culture: Minister for laws to curb social media vulgar content
3 weeks, 6 days ago

Doesn't match our culture: Minister for laws to curb social media vulgar content

India Today  

Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw on Wednesday called for laws to curb objectionable content on social media and hoped that the Opposition would have a discussion on the same. The government has urged social media platforms to be more proactive in content moderation, especially when it comes to harmful or illegal content. It said that social media companies …

A case of nothing but patent censorship
2 months, 3 weeks ago

A case of nothing but patent censorship

The Hindu  

On September 20, 2024, Justice A.S. Chandurkar of the Bombay High Court broke a tie that emanated out of a previously split verdict and delivered a ruling in defence of the right to free speech. Should they choose to ignore a directive they stood to lose their “safe harbour” — an immunity from liability which is integral to the design …

Government strengthens Online Safety Act to crack down on revenge porn
3 months, 1 week ago

Government strengthens Online Safety Act to crack down on revenge porn

The Independent  

Sign up for the View from Westminster email for expert analysis straight to your inbox Get our free View from Westminster email Get our free View from Westminster email SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our privacy policy The sharing of revenge porn is to be classified as the …

Gay, teenaged and online: LGBTQ+ Indians fight for safe space
10 months, 3 weeks ago

Gay, teenaged and online: LGBTQ+ Indians fight for safe space

The Hindu  

The suicide of a 16-year-old Indian boy who hit a wall of online abuse after posting selfies in saris and makeup has galavanised calls for social media giants to better protect LGBTQ+ Indians. "In India, the online abuse faced by LGBTQ+ creators, predominantly on Instagram, is pervasive and includes death threats, hate speech, rape threats, bullying and other forms of …

Deepfake menace: Govt warns of stern action, meets social media platforms
1 year ago

Deepfake menace: Govt warns of stern action, meets social media platforms

Live Mint  

To tackle the deepfake issue, a review meeting between the government and the social media platforms was held on Tuesday, said a report by PTI citing sources. According to the report, some social media platforms have complied and those who are “slow” in doing so have been given additional time. In Tuesday's meeting, the government has made it clear that …

Posting social media content that promotes disharmony will soon be criminalised in J&K: DGP
1 year ago

Posting social media content that promotes disharmony will soon be criminalised in J&K: DGP

Hindustan Times  

Posting any content on social media that promotes disharmony will be a criminal offence in Jammu and Kashmir, director general of police RR Swain said on Thursday. Posting such messages or videos by “terrorists, separatists or anti-national elements” will be a crime, Swain said.” Under 144 CrPC, we have decided to bring a law on the posting of any type …

Nodal officer to look at social media site’s safe harbour status, says MoS
1 year ago

Nodal officer to look at social media site’s safe harbour status, says MoS

Hindustan Times  

The ministry of electronics and information technology will appoint a nodal officer to look at platforms’ safe harbour status, the minister of state for IT Rajeev Chandrasekhar announced on Friday. READ | ‘Wait till Nov 24’: Union minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar on Centre's actions against deepfakes Under Rule 3 of the IT Rules, all intermediaries are required to make “reasonable efforts” …

Indian government cracks down on deepfakes, issues notices to social media giants
1 year, 1 month ago

Indian government cracks down on deepfakes, issues notices to social media giants

Live Mint  

In a move to combat the rising threat of deepfakes, Union Minister for Communications, Electronics & IT Ashwini Vaishnaw has issued notices to major social media platforms, demanding immediate action to identify and remove deceptive content, reported ANI. Highlighting a significant policy shift, Vaishnaw pointed out that the 'Safe Harbour' Clause, which had previously shielded social media platforms, may no …

The Hindu Morning Digest, November 8, 2023
1 year, 1 month ago

The Hindu Morning Digest, November 8, 2023

The Hindu  

Bihar seeks to raise quota to 65% after tabling caste survey The Bihar Cabinet has approved a proposal to increase reservations in the State for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Extremely Backward Classes to 65%, from the current 50% quota, crossing the ceiling set by the Supreme Court. Yadavs hold most government jobs among OBCs, finds Bihar’s …

Centre plans to remove liability protections for social media firms
1 year, 3 months ago

Centre plans to remove liability protections for social media firms

Hindustan Times  

The Union government is planning to remove hardcoded liability protections for social media companies from the law and instead empower itself to hand out “safe harbour” license-like certifications, people aware of discussions for a sweeping new bill have said, a move that could have far-reaching implications for speech on the web and the policies applying to it. Read here: Post …

User safety super important, using AI as tool to combat misinformation, says Meta India head
1 year, 3 months ago

User safety super important, using AI as tool to combat misinformation, says Meta India head

The Hindu  

Meta, the parent company for popular apps like Facebook and WhatsApp, considers user safety as "super important" and is using AI in a big way to combat misinformation, the social media giant's India head Sandhya Devanathan has said. Devanathan, who is the Vice President of Meta in India, said user safety is an area where the company has invested "a …

No matter how laudable the new IT Rules are, if the effect is unconstitutional, they must go: Bombay High Court
1 year, 5 months ago

No matter how laudable the new IT Rules are, if the effect is unconstitutional, they must go: Bombay High Court

The Hindu  

The Bombay High Court on Thursday said that no matter how laudable or high the motives are while framing the new Information Technology Rules, if the effect of a rule or law is unconstitutional then it must go. A division bench of justices Gautam Patel and Neela Gokhale was hearing a bunch of petitions filed by political satirist Kunal Kamra, …

World Press Freedom Day | How free speech in India is compromised by government control over platforms: Book excerpt from ‘Caged Tiger: How Too Much Government is Holding Indians Back’ by Subhashish B
1 year, 7 months ago

World Press Freedom Day | How free speech in India is compromised by government control over platforms: Book excerpt from ‘Caged Tiger: How Too Much Government is Holding Indians Back’ by Subhashish B

The Hindu  

Published : May 03, 2023 07:00 IST - 6 MINS READ In December 2004, the Delhi Police arrested Avnish Bajaj, the CEO of Baazee.com, because someone in Kharagpur, West Bengal, tried to sell through the website video copies of two Delhi-based students having sex. Social media companies, a term left vague and expansive, need to take down content within 36 …

New IT Rules provide an evidence-based-fact-checking system for fake news, says Centre
1 year, 8 months ago

New IT Rules provide an evidence-based-fact-checking system for fake news, says Centre

The Hindu  

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology termed as “premature” political satirist Kunal Kamra’s plea challenging the constitutional validity of the Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 and said the Rules are in “public interest” and provide an evidence-based-fact-checking system for a mechanism to deal with fake or false or misleading information resulting in riots, mob lynching and other heinous crimes. …

It is a new assault on India’s liberty
1 year, 8 months ago

It is a new assault on India’s liberty

The Hindu  

On April 6, 2023, the Union government introduced a new set of measures with a view to crushing fake news and misinformation on the Internet. The amendment grants to the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology unbridled power to create a “fact check unit”, which will identify false or misleading online content that concerns the central government’s business in …

Indian Newspaper Society seeks withdrawal of new rules on fact-checking
1 year, 8 months ago

Indian Newspaper Society seeks withdrawal of new rules on fact-checking

The Hindu  

The Indian Newspaper Society on Wednesday urged the Centre to withdraw the IT Rules amendment notified on April 6, stating that it would have the effect of the government or its designated agency enjoying “absolute” and “arbitrary” power to determine what was fake or not in respect of its own work, and order its takedown from Internet platforms. It also …

Draconian rules: The Hindu Editorial on the impact of the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023
1 year, 8 months ago

Draconian rules: The Hindu Editorial on the impact of the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023

The Hindu  

April 10, 2023 12:20 am | Updated 08:39 am IST With the advent of social media — the product of the evolution of the Internet into a sphere of communication that allows for relatively unfettered user-generated content — the problem of misinformation has taken a grotesque form. In the IT Amendment Rules, 2023, the Union government has added a provision …

Online platforms must take down PIB-flagged ‘fake news’
1 year, 8 months ago

Online platforms must take down PIB-flagged ‘fake news’

The Hindu  

Social media platforms and other intermediaries on the Internet are now required to make sure that “fake news” articles about the Union Government, which have been declared as such by the Press Information Bureau, are taken down from their platforms when they are alerted to such posts. Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology Rajeev Chandrasekhar outlined a defence …

Digital India Act: A Black and White Journey Begins After The Festival Of Colours
1 year, 9 months ago

Digital India Act: A Black and White Journey Begins After The Festival Of Colours

ABP News  

Union Minister for State for Electronics And Information Technology Rajeev Chandrasekhar unveiled and gave an overall glimpse of the proposed basic structure/framework and an overall roadmap of the Digital India Act 2023 on March 9, 2023. While on the one hand, the internet, devices and information technology have empowered the citizens of India, at the same time it has also …

Reviewing ‘safe harbour’ protections under Digital India bill: MoS Chandrasekhar
1 year, 9 months ago

Reviewing ‘safe harbour’ protections under Digital India bill: MoS Chandrasekhar

Hindustan Times  

The government is reconsidering “safe harbour” protections for social media companies as it looks to classify them based on the functions they perform, the junior minister for electronics and technology said on Thursday during a consultation meeting for the much-awaited Digital India bill. “There is a need for a different set of rules for each class of intermediaries,” Union minister …

Centre to reconsider ‘safe harbour’ clause in IT law
1 year, 9 months ago

Centre to reconsider ‘safe harbour’ clause in IT law

The Hindu  

The Union government on Thursday formally outlined the Digital India Act, 2023 which is a broad overhaul of the decades-old Information Technology Act, 2000. From the 2000s onward, Mr. Chandrasekhar said, platforms for which safe harbour was applied as a concept “have now morphed into multiple types of participants and platforms on the internet, functionally very different from each other, …

Govt Working On Digital India Act To Stop Internet-Aided Circulation Of Criminal, Child Sexual Abuse Material: Union Minister
1 year, 9 months ago

Govt Working On Digital India Act To Stop Internet-Aided Circulation Of Criminal, Child Sexual Abuse Material: Union Minister

News 18  

New Delhi, Mar 3: The government is working on a Digital India Act to incorporate new rules for stopping internet-aided circulation of illegal, criminal and child sexual abuse material, Union Minister Rajeev Chandrashekhar said on Friday. Addressing a conference on ‘Child Sexual Abuse Material ’, hosted by the National Human Rights Commission at the Vigyan Bhawan here, the minister of …

India’s Government Wants Total Control of the Internet
1 year, 10 months ago

India’s Government Wants Total Control of the Internet

Wired  

Akash Banerjee isn’t sure whether he’s allowed to talk about the BBC documentary India: The Modi Question on his YouTube channel. The documentary examines Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s alleged role in deadly riots in the West Indian state of Gujarat in 2002, and the government has worked hard to keep Indians from watching it. Screenings at universities have been banned; …

GUEST COLUMN: MEDIA | A new phase of censorship creep in India
1 year, 10 months ago

GUEST COLUMN: MEDIA | A new phase of censorship creep in India

The Hindu  

Published : Feb 03, 2023 15:34 IST The Information Technology Rules, 2021, are back in active play, causing deep concern among those who value free speech and media freedom in India. The proposal has been sharply criticised by organisations like the Internet Freedom Foundation, which believes that “this will heavily impact the freedom of speech, expression and information online, and …

‘Not much change in communication barring speed of circulation’
1 year, 11 months ago

‘Not much change in communication barring speed of circulation’

The Hindu  

Teacher of journalism, B.K. Ravi has said that according to researchers of communication, not much change had been witnessed in the medium of mass communication barring the speed with which information was being circulated. Presiding over the session on ‘Innovations in Media’ on the second day of 86th Akhila Bharat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana on Saturday, Prof. Ravi said that there …

Tread carefully: The Hindu Editorial on the power to remove online content
2 years, 2 months ago

Tread carefully: The Hindu Editorial on the power to remove online content

The Hindu  

The Government’s order asking YouTube to remove 45 videos from 10 channels can be seen as a justified response to growing concern over the propagation of hate and communally sensitive material over the free video sharing website, but the frequent exercise of such a power is not without concerns. Section 69A of the IT Act, which empowers the Government to …

Rightful challenge: The Hindu Editorial on Twitter, IT rules and free speech
2 years, 5 months ago

Rightful challenge: The Hindu Editorial on Twitter, IT rules and free speech

The Hindu  

By moving the Karnataka High Court challenging several blocking orders from the Union government on content posted on its website, Twitter, Inc. has finally decided to take the bull by the horns on the issue of freedom of expression on the online platform. A cynical view will regard this as action done under duress — between February 2, 2021 and …

India is considering a panel to rule on social media takedowns
2 years, 6 months ago

India is considering a panel to rule on social media takedowns

Al Jazeera  

Digital rights activists warn the move will increase direct gov’t control over social media platforms in India. Apar Gupta, executive director of the Internet Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit that advocates for digital rights, tweeted that should the move go through, it will “increase” direct government control over social media platforms. Rather than curing defects highlighted by Courts, they increase direct …

India, China, Russia Missing from 'Future of the Internet' Pledge Inked by US, EU, UK And 32 Other Nations
2 years, 7 months ago

India, China, Russia Missing from 'Future of the Internet' Pledge Inked by US, EU, UK And 32 Other Nations

News 18  

The White House announced on April 28 that the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and 32 other countries have accepted an agreement, the “Declaration for the Future of the Internet”, but India, China, and Russia are notable exclusions. “Partners in this Declaration invite other partners who share this vision to join us in working together, with civil …

India needs a plan so we are not vulnerable to the ‘splinternet’: Rajeev Chandrasekhar
2 years, 7 months ago

India needs a plan so we are not vulnerable to the ‘splinternet’: Rajeev Chandrasekhar

The Hindu  

In the first step towards overhauling of the two-decade old IT Act, the government will put up the draft of the proposed new legislative framework for public consultation as soon as next month, Minister of State for IT Rajeev Chandrasekhar told The Hindu. He added that the government is looking at a new legislative framework with the new rulemaking capabilities …

'Need to de-risk internet in India to prevent its weaponization by Big-Tech': MoS Rajeev Chandrasekhar
2 years, 8 months ago

'Need to de-risk internet in India to prevent its weaponization by Big-Tech': MoS Rajeev Chandrasekhar

Op India  

Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology, remarked in an interview with The Indian Express that there is a need to rethink local laws in order to de-risk Indian internet and make it harder for Big Tech businesses to be weaponized in any circumstance. Mos IT @Rajeev_GoI tells me & @MathewLiz why India urgently needs to "de-risk" …

In Perspective | The only answer to India vs Big Tech on moderation
2 years, 10 months ago

In Perspective | The only answer to India vs Big Tech on moderation

Hindustan Times  

Last week, news agency Reuters reported what it described as a “heated meeting” between Indian government officials and big technology companies Google, Facebook, and Twitter on fake news and content moderation. Quoting unnamed sources, the news agency said India’s information and broadcasting ministry criticised the companies for dragging their feet on fake news, which forced India to point out content …

'Social Media Made Posting Hate Speech Difficult in US, Not So in India': Union Min Vaishnaw Calls for Better Self-regulation
2 years, 10 months ago

'Social Media Made Posting Hate Speech Difficult in US, Not So in India': Union Min Vaishnaw Calls for Better Self-regulation

News 18  

Social media platforms should show improvement in accountability and self-regulation, said Ashwini Vaishnaw, Union Minister of Railways, Communications and Electronics & Information Technology, in an interview on Sunday. Vaishnaw said taking action for potential misuse of the platform in terms of igniting law and order situations, compromising people’s dignity is “non-negotiable”. What is the grievances redressal mechanism?” Vaishnaw responded to …

Children and social media traps
2 years, 10 months ago

Children and social media traps

The Hindu  

R eading the newspaper one recent morning, I was struck by a headline: “Meta sued over 11-year-old’s suicide”. It’s indeed scary that our children like to spend more time on these social media platforms than with us parents. In the U.S. Congress, a former Facebook employee-turned-whistleblower Frances Haugen said these photo-sharing and messaging apps do have deliberately designed algorithms that …

Explained | Can online bullying of women be punished?
2 years, 11 months ago

Explained | Can online bullying of women be punished?

The Hindu  

The story so far: Taking cognisance of multiple complaints that photographs of Muslim women had been posted on one “Bulli Bai” mobile app for fake auctions, the police in Delhi and Mumbai have registered separate cases. This is the second such case reported since July 2021, when a similar application named “Sulli Deals” —in which images of Muslim women were …

India using cyber-volunteers to silence critical voices: Report
3 years ago

India using cyber-volunteers to silence critical voices: Report

Al Jazeera  

The group that ran the Hindutva Watch handle on Twitter – which flagged instances of violence and bigotry from Hindu nationalist groups – had long been accustomed to being abused and trolled for content critical of the Indian government. Citizen volunteers, or “good Samaritans”, are required to maintain “strict confidentiality”, and report child sex abuse material, as well as online …

A Review On IT Rules 2021: A Positive Or A Negative Restriction On Digital Media And OTT Platforms?
3 years, 1 month ago

A Review On IT Rules 2021: A Positive Or A Negative Restriction On Digital Media And OTT Platforms?

Live Law  

The Information technology Rules, 2021 was released by the Indian Government to regulate the social media platforms, digital media platforms and the OTT platforms. government through a press release had expressed its view that that because of the widespread concern with respect to the issues relating to the digital contents both on digital media and the OTT Platforms various PIL …

Strict action against those making 'inflammatory' posts regarding Maha violence: Mumbai Cyber Cell
3 years, 1 month ago

Strict action against those making 'inflammatory' posts regarding Maha violence: Mumbai Cyber Cell

India TV News  

Against the backdrop of back-to-back incidents of stone-pelting in Maharashtra, the Mumbai Police's Cyber Cell on Saturday issued an alert warning against making and/or sharing inflammatory posts regarding the violent incidents on social media. "Several inflammatory posts containing fake news is being spread across social media platforms, related to the recent incidents of violence in Maharashtra. Also, it is advised …

OPINION | Why IT Act needs to be changed?
3 years, 1 month ago

OPINION | Why IT Act needs to be changed?

India TV News  

Today I want to talk about an issue which most of us face in our daily life. Millions of Indians are active on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp, and almost every day one finds trolls abusing, defaming and threatening others, using fake information, images and videos. Since common people, public figures and celebrities face abuses, threats …

Facebook dithered in curbing divisive user content in India
3 years, 2 months ago

Facebook dithered in curbing divisive user content in India

Associated Press  

NEW DELHI, India — Facebook in India has been selective in curbing hate speech, misinformation and inflammatory posts, particularly anti-Muslim content, according to leaked documents obtained by The Associated Press, even as the internet giant’s own employees cast doubt over its motivations and interests. The leaked documents include a trove of internal company reports on hate speech and misinformation in …

New IT Rules prevent fake news, misuse of freedom of press: Centre tells HC
3 years, 3 months ago

New IT Rules prevent fake news, misuse of freedom of press: Centre tells HC

India TV News  

The Centre has defended the legality of the new Information Technology Rules before the Delhi High Court, saying that the rules seek to “prevent the misuse of the freedom of press” and protect the citizens from fake news in digital media space which used to be largely unregulated. The Centre, in its counter affidavit filed on a challenge to the …

Big Tech Is Bending to the Indian Government’s Will
3 years, 4 months ago

Big Tech Is Bending to the Indian Government’s Will

Wired  

As Indian democracy crumbles day upon day under the grasp of Narendra Modi, social media platforms have functioned in lieu of a free press. As Reporters Without Borders recently noted, journalists in India “risk dismissal if they criticize the government.” Since Modi took control in 2014, India’s ranking on the World Press Freedom Index has fallen every year, plateauing at …

IT Rules 2021 Manifestly Unreasonable;Bring Chilling Effect On Free Speech : Bombay High Court
3 years, 4 months ago

IT Rules 2021 Manifestly Unreasonable;Bring Chilling Effect On Free Speech : Bombay High Court

Live Law  

Dissent is vital for the functioning of any healthy democracy, however, the new 2021 IT Rules can have a chilling effect on freedom of speech, with a journalist or news publisher having to think twice before criticizing the State administration, the Bombay High Court has said. The court observed thus while staying Rules 9 and 9 of the Information Technology …

'Effort to Divert Attention': Centre on Twitter's Concerns Over Freedom of Speech in India
3 years, 5 months ago

'Effort to Divert Attention': Centre on Twitter's Concerns Over Freedom of Speech in India

News 18  

The Government of India has said that Twitter’s statement expressing concerns over freedom of expression and safety of its employees in India was an effort to divert attention from its non-compliance with Indian laws at that stage. Twitter in a statement on May 27, in the midst of a tussle with the government, had expressed concerns over the potential threat …

India internet law adds to fears over online speech, privacy
3 years, 5 months ago

India internet law adds to fears over online speech, privacy

Associated Press  

NEW DELHI — It began in February with a tweet by pop star Rihanna that sparked widespread condemnation of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s handling of massive farmer protests near the capital, souring an already troubled relationship between the government and Twitter. “India’s plans for the internet appear to be like that of a closed ecosystem like China,” said Raheel …

India’s internet law adds to fears over online speech, privacy
3 years, 5 months ago

India’s internet law adds to fears over online speech, privacy

Al Jazeera  

Law puts digital platforms such as Twitter and Facebook under direct government oversight, but critics worry it may lead to outright censorship. ‘Closed ecosystem like China’ “India’s plans for the internet appear to be like that of a closed ecosystem like China,” said Raheel Khursheed, co-founder of Laminar Global and Twitter India’s former head of politics, policy and government. “Twitter’s …

Twitter Stripped Of Safe Harbour Immunity Under IT Act For Non-Compliance With IT Rules 2021: GOI To Delhi High Court
3 years, 5 months ago

Twitter Stripped Of Safe Harbour Immunity Under IT Act For Non-Compliance With IT Rules 2021: GOI To Delhi High Court

Live Law  

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India has informed the Delhi High Court in an affidavit that the Safe Harbour Immunity under the Information Technology Act, 2000 is no longer available to Twitter, as it hasn't "fully" complied with the IT Rules, 2021.Section 79 of IT Act states, "an intermediary shall not be liable for any third. …

Divided By Borders, United By Desire To Decrypt
3 years, 5 months ago

Divided By Borders, United By Desire To Decrypt

Live Law  

Divided by Borders, United by Desire to Decrypt India claims to follow suit of leading nations – introduces law that compels decryption by social media intermediaries On 25 February 2021, the Government of India notified the Information Technology Rules, 2021. As per the Government of India, the latest Rules are designed to ensure that digital platforms like social media sites, …

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