Can Covaxin booster dose prolong protection?
3 years, 8 months ago

Can Covaxin booster dose prolong protection?

The Hindu  

In a meeting held on March 24, the Subject Expert Committee of the India drug regulator permitted Bharat Biotech to carry out a phase-2 trial of Covaxin wherein a booster dose is to be administered six months after the second dose to further improve vaccine efficacy. “The immunological principle says that to make long-lived antibody secreting cells as well as long-lived memory T cells, the first and second dose should be given 28 days apart and the third dose should be given with a minimum gap of four months after the second dose and optimally five months after the second dose,” he says. “So if the disease is around for more than a year, then a booster dose is needed after a year if only two doses are given one month apart,” says Dr. John. In the North Arcot Polio study of 1986–1995, Dr. John and his team administered the first dose at 14 weeks and the second dose 22 weeks later. Even in the case of the HPV vaccine, three doses were initially given, with the second dose given a month after the first and the third dose given at six months.

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History of this topic

COVID: 50 million Covaxin doses set to expire early 2023 due to poor off take
2 years, 2 months ago

COVID: 50 million Covaxin doses set to expire early 2023 due to poor off take

India TV News  

Highlights Covaxin lying with the firm are set to expire early next year There are no takers owing to poor demand, said company sources India reported 1,082 fresh COVID-19 cases on Saturday Covaxin news: Nearly 50 million doses of Bharat Biotech’s COVID-19 vaccine, Covaxin lying with the firm are set to expire early next year as there are no takers …

NTAGI to Review Covaxin, Corbevax Data for 6-12 Yrs Thursday, Discuss Reducing Booster Dose Gap
2 years, 6 months ago

NTAGI to Review Covaxin, Corbevax Data for 6-12 Yrs Thursday, Discuss Reducing Booster Dose Gap

News 18  

Government advisory panel NTAGI will meet on Thursday to review data on Covaxin and Corbevax vaccines for the 6-12 age group and also deliberate on reducing the gap between the second and precaution doses from the current nine to six months. The agenda for the NTAGI's Standing Technical Sub-Committee meeting includes a discussion on a study by the CMC Vellore …

BMC reduces gap between 2nd-3rd Covid vaccine doses for international travellers. Details
2 years, 7 months ago

BMC reduces gap between 2nd-3rd Covid vaccine doses for international travellers. Details

India TV News  

The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation on Tuesday said that the Central government has decided to reduce the gap between the second and the third dose of the Covid vaccine to 90 days, from 9 months. Orders are issued for all private and govt vaccination centers under the BMC's jurisdiction. Changes have also been made to the Cowin portal, according to the …

For those travelling abroad, booster dose can be given 90 days after second dose: Centre
2 years, 7 months ago

For those travelling abroad, booster dose can be given 90 days after second dose: Centre

India Today  

For those travelling overseas, the precaution dose of the Covid-19 vaccine can now be administered 90 days after the date of administration of the second dose, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare announced on Friday. They can take the precaution dose less than nine months after they took their second dose, but the minimum interval between the second …

India Likely to Reduce Gap Between 2nd Covid Vaccine Shot, Booster Dose for Those Flying Abroad
2 years, 8 months ago

India Likely to Reduce Gap Between 2nd Covid Vaccine Shot, Booster Dose for Those Flying Abroad

News 18  

India may reduce the gap between the second Covid-19 vaccine shot and the precautionary third dose from nine to six months for citizens who are scheduled to travel abroad, especially to countries that have made it compulsory for travelers to produce their booster certificates. According to the advisory issued by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the gap …

Reduce Time Gap for Covid Vaccine Booster Dose to Six Months: Serum Institute to Govt
2 years, 8 months ago

Reduce Time Gap for Covid Vaccine Booster Dose to Six Months: Serum Institute to Govt

News 18  

Vaccine major Serum Institute of India has appealed to the government to reduce the gap between the second and booster dose to six months from nine months at present to safeguard people against emerging COVID variants, according to its CEO Adar Poonawalla. We have appealed to the government and the experts, who are having discussions regarding the matter, to reduce …

2nd Covishield Dose Can Now Be Taken Between 8-16 Weeks After 1st Dose, No Word on Covaxin Yet
2 years, 9 months ago

2nd Covishield Dose Can Now Be Taken Between 8-16 Weeks After 1st Dose, No Word on Covaxin Yet

News 18  

The National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation has recommended administering the second dose of Covid-19 vaccine Covishield between eight and 16 weeks after the first dose, officials said on Sunday. Under the National Covid-19 Vaccination Strategy, the second dose of Covishield is to be given between 12-16 weeks after the first dose. An official source said the latest recommendation of …

Covishield as Booster After 2 Doses of Covaxin Increases Antibodies by 6 Times: Study
2 years, 9 months ago

Covishield as Booster After 2 Doses of Covaxin Increases Antibodies by 6 Times: Study

News 18  

A recent study has found that Covishield is more effective when administered as a booster after two doses of Covaxin as antibodies zoom six-fold, however, the case is not the same when the vaccines are reversed. The study, submitted by Christian Medical College, Vellore, to the Drugs Controller General of India on Wednesday, is the first preliminary scientific evidence from …

Bharat Biotech gets approval for intranasal Covid-19 booster dose trials
2 years, 11 months ago

Bharat Biotech gets approval for intranasal Covid-19 booster dose trials

India TV News  

Highlights Intranasal vaccine will be administered to those who have already taken their two-dose vaccine The interval between the second dose of Covid vaccine and booster dose will be six months According to Bharat Biotech, its nasal vaccine stimulates immune responses at the site of infection The Drugs Controller General of India has granted permission to Hyderabad-based biotechnology firm Bharat …

Covaxin booster shot neutralises Omicron, says Bharat Biotech
2 years, 11 months ago

Covaxin booster shot neutralises Omicron, says Bharat Biotech

Hindustan Times  

India's vaccine-maker Bharat Biotech on Wednesday said that a booster dose of its Covid-19 vaccine ‘Covaxin’ neutralises both the Omicron and Delta variants of the coronavirus. The study, "The neutralisation activity of Covaxin-boosted sera was comparable to what has been observed in mRNA vaccine-boosted sera against the Omicron variant," Reuters quoted Bharat Biotech as saying in a statement. Citing the …

Holds promise: ICMR on trial results of third dose of Covaxin
3 years ago

Holds promise: ICMR on trial results of third dose of Covaxin

Hindustan Times  

A day after Bharat Biotech released the trial results of the safety and immunogenicity of its Covid-19 vaccine ‘Covaxin’ as a booster shot, the Indian Council of Medical Research on Sunday affirmed the findings. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in a televised address on December 25, 2021, announced precaution doses for healthcare and frontline workers from January 10 and Covid-19 jabs …

Explained | Does data support booster dose of same vaccine?
3 years ago

Explained | Does data support booster dose of same vaccine?

The Hindu  

The story so far: On January 5, five days before the rollout of the ‘precaution dose’, scientifically called a third or booster dose, for people older than 60 years with comorbidities, health-care and frontline workers, the Government announced that all eligible individuals will receive a homologous — the same vaccine as used in the primary vaccination— vaccine as the third …

Covaxin booster shot may provide long-term immunity against severe Covid, says Bharat Biotech
3 years ago

Covaxin booster shot may provide long-term immunity against severe Covid, says Bharat Biotech

India Today  

A booster dose of Bharat Biotech's Covid-19 vaccine Covaxin, administered six months after the second dose, could provide long-term immunity from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, a study by Bharat Biotech and the Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Virology, Pune, has indicated. The study, published on medRxiv and not yet peer-reviewed, said that the Covaxin booster shot is …

SEC Recommends Bharat Biotech to Conduct Late-stage Trials, Submit Booster Protocol
3 years ago

SEC Recommends Bharat Biotech to Conduct Late-stage Trials, Submit Booster Protocol

News 18  

The Subject Expert Committee of India’s drug authority has recommended Bharat Biotech to conduct late-stage trials for its intranasal vaccine BBV154. After discussions and deliberations for almost five hours on Tuesday, the expert panel has asked Bharat Biotech to add a Covishield arm in the booster trails and submit a protocol for the same. Bharat Biotech will submit a revised …

60+ to Get 3rd Dose 9 Months After 2nd Shot, Kids to Get Covaxin Only, Centre Says in New Guidelines
3 years ago

60+ to Get 3rd Dose 9 Months After 2nd Shot, Kids to Get Covaxin Only, Centre Says in New Guidelines

News 18  

The Union Health Ministry on Monday issued guidelines for Covid-19 vaccination of children aged between 15-18 years and precaution dose to healthcare and frontline workers, and those above the age of 60 with comorbidities. The guidelines comes, two days after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced on Saturday that vaccination for children between 15-18 years will start from January 3, while …

Only Covaxin for 15-18 year-olds, booster shots 9 months after second dose | Govt guidelines
3 years ago

Only Covaxin for 15-18 year-olds, booster shots 9 months after second dose | Govt guidelines

India Today  

The government released official guidelines on Covid-19 vaccination for 15 to 18-year-olds as well as 'precaution doses' for frontline workers and people above the age of 60 years with co-morbidities on Monday. Over the weekend, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had announced that children in the 15-18 age group would begin receiving Covid-19 vaccines from January 3 onwards and booster shots …

Gap between 2nd Covid vaccine shot and precaution dose likely to be 9-12 months, say sources
3 years ago

Gap between 2nd Covid vaccine shot and precaution dose likely to be 9-12 months, say sources

Firstpost  

The precaution dose denotes a third dose of the vaccine for the fully vaccinated but the prime minister refrained from using the term ‘booster dose’, as it is generally referred New Delhi: The gap between the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine and the third, which is being called a “precaution dose”, is likely to be nine to 12 months, official …

Booster Doses amid Omicron Scare: Decide Cut-off for Antibody Levels, Prioritise Health Workers
3 years, 1 month ago

Booster Doses amid Omicron Scare: Decide Cut-off for Antibody Levels, Prioritise Health Workers

News 18  

Is my immunity against COVID-19 waning? Researchers at Public Health England posted a preprint in September which builds a strong case for older adults and those with co-morbidities to be prioritised for booster doses if administered Covishield, the viral-vector vaccine from AstraZeneca, which is called ‘Vaxzevria’ in the UK. America’s CDC offers boosters six months after the second dose of …

Covaxin Maker Bats for Booster Shots in India, Says Ideal After 6 Months of 2nd Dose
3 years, 2 months ago

Covaxin Maker Bats for Booster Shots in India, Says Ideal After 6 Months of 2nd Dose

News 18  

After several countries have begun inoculating the vulnerable population with booster shots against Covid-19, Covaxin manufacturer- Bharat Biotech CMD Krishna Ella said that a booster dose would be ideal six months after receiving the second dose of the anti-Covid vaccine. Taking about the delay in granting the EUA by the World Health Organisation for Covaxin, Ella blamed the “negative campaign” …

Second dose of Covid vaccine overdue for over 11 crore people: Govt data
3 years, 2 months ago

Second dose of Covid vaccine overdue for over 11 crore people: Govt data

Live Mint  

Over 11 crore people who have taken the first shot of COVID-19 vaccine have not got themselves jabbed with the second dose even after the expiry of the prescribed interval between two doses, according to government data. The data showed that over 3.92 crore beneficiaries are more than six weeks overdue for their second dose, around 1.57 crore are up …

11 crore people skipped second dose of Covid-19 vaccine, shows govt data
3 years, 2 months ago

11 crore people skipped second dose of Covid-19 vaccine, shows govt data

India Today  

Over 11 crore people who have taken the first shot of Covid-19 vaccine have not got themselves jabbed with the second dose even after the expiry of the prescribed interval between two doses, according to government data. The data showed that over 3.92 crore beneficiaries are more than six weeks overdue for their second dose, around 1.57 crore are up …

Allow scheduling of second dose of Covishield four weeks after first dose: Kerala HC to Centre
3 years, 4 months ago

Allow scheduling of second dose of Covishield four weeks after first dose: Kerala HC to Centre

India Today  

The Kerala High Court has directed the Centre to allow scheduling, on CoWIN portal, of second Covishield dose after four weeks from the first for those who want to take it earlier than the present suggested gap of 84 days. The court also said that when people have the right to refuse to accept vaccine, there is absolutely no reason …

Bharat Biotech's Covaxin trials for children underway; results expected by Sept: AIIMS chief
3 years, 5 months ago

Bharat Biotech's Covaxin trials for children underway; results expected by Sept: AIIMS chief

India TV News  

Bharat Biotech's Covaxin trials for children are presently underway and the results are expected to be released by September, All India Institute of Medical Sciences chief Dr. Randeep Guleria has said. Commenting on the development, the AIIMS chief said, "The vaccines for children should come out now because trials in India are already there in the vaccines which are available …

Covid-19 vaccine trial for children: Second dose to kids aged 2-6 years to be given next week
3 years, 5 months ago

Covid-19 vaccine trial for children: Second dose to kids aged 2-6 years to be given next week

India Today  

The second dose of Bharat Biotech's Covid-19 vaccine, Covaxin for children aged 2-6 years, is likely to be administered to those participating in the trials next week, the sources said. The second dose of Covaxin has already been given to children between aged 6-12 years, said sources, at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, which is …

Covaxin trials on children likely from next month
3 years, 7 months ago

Covaxin trials on children likely from next month

India TV News  

Bharat Biotech may commence paediatric trials of its Covid-19 vaccine Covaxin from June, a senior company official said. Bharat Biotech's Business Development & International Advocacy Head, Dr Raches Ella, exuded confidence that vaccine for kids may get the license in the third quarter of this year. Ella also said Bharat Biotech will be ramping up manufacturing capacity of Covaxin to …

Covishield's first dose develops strong immunity than Covaxin's: ICMR head
3 years, 7 months ago

Covishield's first dose develops strong immunity than Covaxin's: ICMR head

India TV News  

The government recently accepted the Covid-19 Working Group's recommendation for extending the gap between the two doses of the Covishield vaccine from 6-8 weeks to 12-16 weeks. The decision to increase the interval between two doses of Covishield was taken because the first dose of Covishield can develop a strong immunity. According to Indian Council of Medical Research head Dr …

Gap between two doses of Covishield Covid vaccine extended to 12-16 weeks
3 years, 7 months ago

Gap between two doses of Covishield Covid vaccine extended to 12-16 weeks

India TV News  

The Centre on Thursday said that the gap between two doses of Covishield Covid vaccine can be increased from 12-16 weeks. The present gap between the two doses of Covishield vaccine is 6-8 weeks. "The recommendation of the COVID Working Group was accepted by the National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for Covid-19, headed by Dr V K Paul, Member …

Health Ministry Accepts Proposal To Increase Gap Between 2 Covishield Doses To 12-16 Weeks
3 years, 7 months ago

Health Ministry Accepts Proposal To Increase Gap Between 2 Covishield Doses To 12-16 Weeks

News 18  

The Union health ministry agreed on Thursday to extend the gap between two doses of Serum Institute of India ’s Covishield to 12-16 weeks, acting on the recommendation by an advisory group on Covid-19 vaccines in India. “Based on the available real-life evidences, particularly from the UK, the COVID-19 Working Group agreed for increasing the dosing interval to 12-16 weeks …

HC pulls up govt over 2nd dose of vaccines, asks state to come up with a road map
3 years, 7 months ago

HC pulls up govt over 2nd dose of vaccines, asks state to come up with a road map

Hindustan Times  

Bengaluru: The Karnataka high court on Tuesday pulled up the state and Central government on its plans to provide the second dose of vaccines to those above 45 years of age. HT Image The HC bench comprising Chief Justice Abhay Oka and Justice Aravind Kumar subsequently ordered the state to come out with a road map for completing the vaccinations. …

HC pulls up Karnataka govt over availability of second dose of vaccine
3 years, 7 months ago

HC pulls up Karnataka govt over availability of second dose of vaccine

Hindustan Times  

The Karnataka High Court on Tuesday pulled up the state and Central government on its plans to provide the second dose of the Covid-19 vaccines for those above the age of 45 years, HT has learnt. During the proceedings, the Karnataka government informed the Court that it is stopping the first dose, to provide second doses to those above the …

How State Will Give Second Dose? Karnataka High Court Rings Alarm Bells Over COVID Vaccine Shortage
3 years, 7 months ago

How State Will Give Second Dose? Karnataka High Court Rings Alarm Bells Over COVID Vaccine Shortage

Live Law  

The Karnataka High Court on Tuesday directed the state government to place on record a road map by Thursday on how it proposes to provide vaccination to everyone in the state. A division bench of Chief Justice Abhay Oka and Justice Aravind Kumar said "We direct the state government to place on record a road map showing how it is …

Maharashtra to divert 3 lakh Covaxin doses for 18 to 44 age group to those above 45 due to shortage
3 years, 8 months ago

Maharashtra to divert 3 lakh Covaxin doses for 18 to 44 age group to those above 45 due to shortage

Firstpost  

State Health Minister Rajesh Tope also said over five lakh people above 45 years are awaiting the second dose of Covaxin in Maharashtra Mumbai: Amid a shortage of COVID-19 vaccine does, the Maharashtra government on Tuesday decided to divert three lakh vials of Covaxin meant for the 18-44 age group for the use of the people aged 45 years and …

Citizens awaiting second dose jittery amid vax shortage in Punjab
3 years, 8 months ago

Citizens awaiting second dose jittery amid vax shortage in Punjab

Hindustan Times  

Vaccine shortage in Punjab has left many citizens awaiting their second dose jittery, with scores of them complaining about having missed the stipulated deadline already. Dr Rajesh Bhaskar, state nodal officer for Covid-19, admitted that the second dose of vaccine, especially Covaxin, is being delayed due to limited stock. Though claiming that many people, especially frontline workers, are willingly skipping …

Covaxin price reduced from Rs 600 to Rs 400 per dose for states, says Bharat Biotech
3 years, 8 months ago

Covaxin price reduced from Rs 600 to Rs 400 per dose for states, says Bharat Biotech

India TV News  

Covaxin vaccine maker Bharat Biotech on Thursday announced a drop in the price of its vaccine that will be made available to the state governments. India's indigenously developed vaccine will now be available at Rs 400 per dose instead of Rs 600 for state government hospitals. Recongnizing the enormour challenges to the publiuc health care system, we have made COVAXIN …

DGCI grants approval for clinical trials for third dose of Covaxin
3 years, 9 months ago

DGCI grants approval for clinical trials for third dose of Covaxin

India TV News  

The expert panel of India's drug regulator, DCGI, has permitted Bharat Biotech to give the third dose of Covaxin to a few volunteers in its clinical trials of the COVID-19 vaccine, sources said. Bharat Biotech presented amendments to the subject expert committee of the Drugs Controller General of India in the approved Phase 2 clinical trial protocol for administration of …

Bharat Biotech to begin Phase-2 trials of Covid vaccine Covaxin booster
3 years, 9 months ago

Bharat Biotech to begin Phase-2 trials of Covid vaccine Covaxin booster

India Today  

Bharat Biotech has announced its decision to conduct Phase-2 clinical trials of a third booster dose of its Covid-19 vaccine Covaxin. Vaccine manufacturer Bharat Biotech's Covaxin is India's first indigenous vaccine against Covid-19. In its recommendations, the SEC said Bharat Biotech presented amendments in the approved Phase-2 clinical trial protocol for administration of booster dose after six months after the …

Ask the Doctor: What Side Effects to Expect From Your Second Jab of Covid-19 Vaccine?
3 years, 9 months ago

Ask the Doctor: What Side Effects to Expect From Your Second Jab of Covid-19 Vaccine?

News 18  

A year after the Coronavirus pandemic wrecked our collective lives, our society has been grappling with fear and insecurity. On the recommendation of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation and National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for Covid-19, the Health Ministry has increased the duration between the first and the second dose of Covishield from 4-6 weeks to 4-8 …

Increase gap between Covishield vaccine doses to 4-8 weeks, Centre tells states
3 years, 9 months ago

Increase gap between Covishield vaccine doses to 4-8 weeks, Centre tells states

Firstpost  

New Delhi: The Centre Monday revised the time window within which the 2nd dose of Covishield vaccine can be taken, asking all states and Union Territories to administer it between 4-8 weeks instead of 4-6 weeks. COVISHIELD has been revisited by the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation and subsequently by NEGVAC in its 20th meeting during which the recommendation …

Centre tells States to increase interval between Covishield doses
3 years, 9 months ago

Centre tells States to increase interval between Covishield doses

The Hindu  

The Centre on Monday wrote to States/UTs to increase the interval between two doses of Covishield to 4-8 weeks, stating that there is evidence of increased protection if the second dose of Covishield is administered between 6-8 weeks after the first dose. “During this meeting, the recommendation has been revised to provide second dose of Covishield at 4-8 weeks’ interval …

Centre asks state govts to increase gap between Covishield vaccine doses to 6-8 weeks
3 years, 9 months ago

Centre asks state govts to increase gap between Covishield vaccine doses to 6-8 weeks

India Today  

The Centre has asked the state and union territory governments to increase the interval between the two doses of Covishield vaccine and make it 6-8 weeks based on the recommendation of two expert panels. Now, the expert panels have recommended to administer the second dose of Covishield vaccine at 4-8 weeks’ interval after the first dose, instead of the earlier …

Expert panel approves Covaxin for emergency use, waives off clinical trial condition
3 years, 10 months ago

Expert panel approves Covaxin for emergency use, waives off clinical trial condition

India Today  

The subject expert committee of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation has approved Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for emergency use authorisation in India. On March 3, Bharat Biotech announced results of Phase 3 clinical trials of Covaxin, saying the vaccine demonstrates interim clinical efficacy of 81 per cent. The Phase 3 clinical trials involved 25,800 volunteers, making it the "largest trials …

Govt allows 24x7 vaccination; Covaxin shows 81% interim efficacy | 10 points on Covid vaccines
3 years, 10 months ago

Govt allows 24x7 vaccination; Covaxin shows 81% interim efficacy | 10 points on Covid vaccines

India Today  

In a boost to India's nationwide Covid-19 vaccination drive, Bharat Biotech on Wednesday announced that interim analysis of Phase 3 clinical trials of its Covid-19 vaccine candidate, Covaxin, show the vaccine demonstrates 81 per cent interim efficacy. Here are the top 10 developments on Coviod-19 vaccines: 1) Vaccine manufacturer Bharat Biotech on Wednesday announced results of Phase 3 clinical trials …

Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin Shows Long-term Immunity: Study
4 years ago

Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin Shows Long-term Immunity: Study

The Quint  

Covaxin is currently undergoing Phase 3 human clinical trials on 26,000 volunteers across 25 centres across India, after having undergone Phase 1 and 2 trials involving 1,000 volunteers. In a double-blind, randomised, multi-centre Phase 2 clinical trials, a total of 380 healthy children and adults were administered two vaccine formulations four weeks apart. In a follow-up of the Phase 1 …

Bharat Biotech applies for emergency use authorisation for Covaxin
4 years, 1 month ago

Bharat Biotech applies for emergency use authorisation for Covaxin

India TV News  

After vaccine major Serum Institute of India, Bharat Biotech on Monday applied to the Drugs Controller General of India for emergency use authorisation for its indigenously developed coronavirus vaccine called 'Covaxin', news agency PTI quoted sources as saying. The vaccine efficacy will be determined 14 days post the second dose," Bharat Biotech had said in a statement. Earlier on Monday, …

Antibodies build up after 2 doses, received only first of Covaxin: Anil Vij after testing COVID positive
4 years, 1 month ago

Antibodies build up after 2 doses, received only first of Covaxin: Anil Vij after testing COVID positive

India TV News  

Haryana Health Minister Anil Vij on Sunday said before being given the first dose in the phase 3 trial of Bharat Biotech's coronavirus vaccine, he was told by the doctors that antibodies in the human body build up 14 days after getting the second dose. Vij had offered to be the first volunteer in the phase three trials for Covaxin, …

Coronavirus | Haryana Minister got only one dose of Covaxin, says government
4 years, 1 month ago

Coronavirus | Haryana Minister got only one dose of Covaxin, says government

The Hindu  

A little over two weeks after the Haryana Home Minister Anil Vij participated in the Phase 3 trial of Bharat Biotech’s COVID-19 vaccine, Covaxin, he tweeted on Saturday morning that he has tested positive for the virus. Responding to the social media post, the Union Health Ministry said: “Antibodies against the infection build up in a human being only after …

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