State Govt Competent To Conduct Caste Based Survey To Determine Backward Communities For Providing Development With Justice: Patna HC
1 year, 7 months ago

State Govt Competent To Conduct Caste Based Survey To Determine Backward Communities For Providing Development With Justice: Patna HC

Live Law  

Terming the Bihar Government’s decision to conduct a caste-based survey in the State as “perfectly valid initiated with due competence”, the Patna High Court on Tuesday dismissed a bunch of pleas challenging the State Government’s initiative. The Court also opined that the state government was competent to conduct the survey as any affirmative action under Article 16 or beneficial legislation or scheme under Article 15 “can be designed and implemented only after the collection of the relevant data regarding the social, economic and educational situation in which the various groups or communities in the State live in and exist”. “…identification of the backward communities has to be made after a survey of the entire populace and the majority judgment did not find any fault with identification of caste, which would represent explicit identifiable social classes/groupings, especially when the very intention of Article 16 was to ameliorate social backwardness,” the Court said. Further, the Court also stressed that the State Governments “cannot wait on their haunches” for the Central Government to carry out the census and provide it with the details so as to ensure affirmative action within the State, in its services under Article 16 & and for its downtrodden under Article 15 &.

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History of this topic

Telangana must act on caste survey finds
1 month, 2 weeks ago

Telangana must act on caste survey finds

New Indian Express  

Telangana’s caste survey has the potential to stir a hornet’s nest. Though the Congress government neither tabled the survey in the assembly nor made its contents public, Chief Minister Revanth Reddy gave a snapshot of the findings. The survey says the backward classes constitute 46.25 percent of the state’s population, scheduled castes 17.43 percent, scheduled tribes 10.45 percent, and other …

Bihar caste survey fake, nation-wide census needed: Rahul Gandhi at Congress workers' meet
2 months ago

Bihar caste survey fake, nation-wide census needed: Rahul Gandhi at Congress workers' meet

New Indian Express  

PATNA: Congress MP and leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha Rahul Gandhi on Saturday alleged that the caste-based survey conducted in Bihar was 'fake'. Addressing workers of Congress at the 'Samvidhan Suraksha Sammelan' in the state capital, Rahul said that the Congress would ensure a nation-wide caste census at all costs. "We will ensure caste census even if we …

Analysing the 2023 caste-based Census of Bihar
2 months, 1 week ago

Analysing the 2023 caste-based Census of Bihar

The Hindu  

G. Z. Christophe and Himanshu. Why a caste-based Census The three broad administrative categories devised for affirmative action — Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes — group a multitude of diverse caste groups under generalised classifications. In this context — where concerns persist that certain castes may dominate and monopolise benefits, that additional castes may need inclusion, or …

Karnataka cabinet may discuss 'caste census' in next meeting, says Minister
2 months, 2 weeks ago

Karnataka cabinet may discuss 'caste census' in next meeting, says Minister

Hindustan Times  

Karnataka Law and Parliamentary Affairs Minister H K Patil on Thursday indicated the possibility of the Socio-Economic and Education Survey report, popularly known as the "caste census," being placed before the cabinet at its next meeting. The Karnataka State Commission for Backward Classes, under its then Chairman K Jayaprakash Hegde, submitted the report to Chief Minister Siddaramaiah on February 29 …

YS Sharmila wants caste survey in Andhra Pradesh, says BJP promised so in 2017
4 months, 1 week ago

YS Sharmila wants caste survey in Andhra Pradesh, says BJP promised so in 2017

India Today  

Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee president YS Sharmila emphasised her party’s commitment toward “development of backward classes” and called for a caste census in the state. Sharmila, addressing the issue of caste representation in Andhra Pradesh, urged Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu to carry out a caste-based survey in the state. She also referred to a 2017 promise made by senior …

Express Dialogues | Caste a reality in India, surveys needed till we attain equality: Former KSCBC chairman Kantharaj
4 months, 2 weeks ago

Express Dialogues | Caste a reality in India, surveys needed till we attain equality: Former KSCBC chairman Kantharaj

New Indian Express  

The report has become a subject of political debate. Social backwardness automatically tells that one is economically backward. Even in the Constitution, the words are clearly used “who are socially and educationally backward”, not economically backward. The report details how many people have bank accounts and ration cards. A person who is from a backward class, but has a good …

DC Edit | RSS backing caste census spells a problem for BJP
6 months, 2 weeks ago

DC Edit | RSS backing caste census spells a problem for BJP

Deccan Chronicle  

The cautious clearance that the BJP’s ideological mentor, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, has given to the idea of conducting a caste-based census nevertheless puts it in a serious dilemma. Despite consistent opposition to the idea by the BJP, voiced by its senior leaders including Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath, the RSS, after a just-concluded brainstorming session in Kerala, greenlighted …

Will BJP reverse stand on caste census after electoral setbacks?
8 months ago

Will BJP reverse stand on caste census after electoral setbacks?

New Indian Express  

Demand for reservations In 2022, the government of Bihar undertook a noteworthy initiative by conducting a caste-based survey, an effort that cost nearly Rs 5 billion from its contingency fund. The findings revealed a significant demographic composition: Other Backward Classes constituted 27%, and Extremely Backward Classes 36%, together accounting for over 63% of Bihar's population. On November 9, 2023, the …

Bihar moves top court against HC quota hike order
8 months, 2 weeks ago

Bihar moves top court against HC quota hike order

Hindustan Times  

The Bihar government has approached the Supreme Court challenging the Patna high court decision striking down the law enhancing caste-based reservation to 65% in jobs and admissions and argued that the caste survey carried out by the state adequately satisfies the parameters required to breach the 50% ceiling on reservation set by the top court in the 1992 Indra Sawhney …

Karnataka: Hegde commission submits caste survey report to CM
1 year ago

Karnataka: Hegde commission submits caste survey report to CM

Hindustan Times  

Karnataka’s much awaited socio-economic and education survey report, popularly known as the caste survey report, was submitted to chief minister Siddaramaiah on Thursday by the chairman of state’s backward classes commission, K Jayaprakash Hegde, setting the state’s political pot boiling ahead of the Lok Sabha polls. Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah receives the 'Caste Census' report submitted by K Jayaprakash Hegde, chairman …

Caste census lessons for new government in Bihar
1 year ago

Caste census lessons for new government in Bihar

Hindustan Times  

The Bihar caste census has been an eye-opener in many ways. Thus, in the run-up to the 2024 Lok Sabha and 2025 Bihar Vidhan Sabha elections, the BJP-JD government will be challenged by the Opposition to not abandon the cause of inclusive development. Bihar’s net per capita income is the lowest in India, at just ₹47,000 vis-à-vis ₹4.7 lakh for …

Caste survey in Telangana soon, govt moves resolution in Assembly
1 year, 1 month ago

Caste survey in Telangana soon, govt moves resolution in Assembly

Live Mint  

The Congress government in Telangana on Friday moved a resolution in the state assembly to conduct a caste survey in the state. ".To implement various Socio, Economic, Educational, Employment and Political opportunities for the amelioration of Backward Classes, SC and ST citizens of the state and other weaker sections of the state," reads the resolution. Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy …

2024 Interim Budget | After PM Modi’s call, Centre’s measure for social justice progress focuses on poor, women, youth, and farmers
1 year, 1 month ago

2024 Interim Budget | After PM Modi’s call, Centre’s measure for social justice progress focuses on poor, women, youth, and farmers

The Hindu  

In Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s Interim Budget speech months before the country goes to the Lok Sabha election, the Narendra Modi-led government’s social justice plank is clearly spelt out with the government looking to cover the development of all castes and their administrative focus on ensuring “resources are distributed fairly regardless of social standing”. This is manifested in the way …

Caste Survey | In Bihar, an arithmetic of caste and politics of numbers
1 year, 4 months ago

Caste Survey | In Bihar, an arithmetic of caste and politics of numbers

Hindustan Times  

The caste census in Bihar is possibly the first comprehensive and public exercise to enumerate caste groups and ascertain their socio-economic profile in Independent India. The decennial All India Census counts castes within the Scheduled Caste category and the National Sample Survey Office includes the Other Backward Classes castes in its data, but neither provides figures of individual castes across …

Politics as unusual: Who’s afraid of an all-India caste X-ray?
1 year, 4 months ago

Politics as unusual: Who’s afraid of an all-India caste X-ray?

Live Mint  

The politics of social justice has long held salience in India as an echo of the ‘class struggle’ of leftist extraction. By one reckoning, how contestable key swing seats prove in a pivotal belt of the country could depend on vote shifts among caste groups classified as Other Backward Classes. Little wonder that calls have arisen from the Congress and …

Bihar releases fresh caste survey data, says 33% OBCs, 42% SCs are poor
1 year, 4 months ago

Bihar releases fresh caste survey data, says 33% OBCs, 42% SCs are poor

Hindustan Times  

PATNA: Nearly 33% of people from the backward classes and the extremely backward classes in Bihar are poor, according to the socio-economic data of the caste survey tabled by the Bihar government in the state assembly on Tuesday. Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar with deputy chief minister Tejashwi Yadav According to the data, the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were …

42% from Scheduled Castes, 25% from General poor, Bihar caste survey shows
1 year, 4 months ago

42% from Scheduled Castes, 25% from General poor, Bihar caste survey shows

India Today  

The full report describing the economic condition of 215 Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes and Extremely Backward Classes and the second part of the data from the Bihar government's caste-based survey was tabled in the Bihar Assembly today. According to the report, over 42 per cent of Bihar families from Scheduled Castes are poor while 25 per cent of …

Bihar’s caste survey can spark a new political consciousness
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar’s caste survey can spark a new political consciousness

The Hindu  

Published : Oct 19, 2023 11:00 IST - 9 MINS READ The last four decades of economic liberalisation have created new sectors of employment and entrepreneurship, produced a significant urban middle class, and expanded the Indian diaspora of engineers, technicians, and other professionals in developed countries. The BJP’s current political assertion and electoral success in north Indian States has been …

Bihar caste survey results challenge BJP’s Hindutva unity narrative
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar caste survey results challenge BJP’s Hindutva unity narrative

The Hindu  

Published : Oct 19, 2023 11:00 IST - 17 MINS READ In the 1960s, Ram Manohar Lohia of the Samyukta Socialist Party coined the slogan: Sansopa ne baandhi gaanth, Pichchde paaven sau me saat, Raj paat hai kiske haath, Angrezi aur unchi jaath With the Bihar government, led by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, a Lohiaite, releasing its caste survey data …

Bihar caste survey: Is this Mandal 2.0?
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar caste survey: Is this Mandal 2.0?

The Hindu  

Published : Oct 19, 2023 11:00 IST - 13 MINS READ By indicating a higher proportion of Other Backward Castes, at 63 per cent compared with the 55 per cent that has been speculated for a long time, the Bihar caste survey has given the opposition parties, especially the Janata Dal, or JD, and its coalition partner the Rashtriya Janata …

A key step by Bihar to promote better social justice
1 year, 5 months ago

A key step by Bihar to promote better social justice

The Hindu  

There are certain dates which acquire greater significance by a stroke of history, and October 2, 2023 is one such date — a day when the Bihar government released the data for a caste-based survey, known as the Bihar Jaati Adharit Ganana. Caste discrimination often leads to economic disparities, with certain caste groups facing limited access to education and employment …

Karnataka puts caste survey data in cold storage
1 year, 5 months ago

Karnataka puts caste survey data in cold storage

The Hindu  

The publication of the caste survey data by the Bihar government has had a ripple effect in Karnataka, with the focus now on the Congress government’s move to accept and release the State’s socio-economic and educational survey report that was finalised in 2018. The survey, conducted by the Karnataka State Backward Classes Commission and popularly called the caste census, has …

Rajasthan government orders conduct of caste survey
1 year, 5 months ago

Rajasthan government orders conduct of caste survey

The Hindu  

Close on the heels of Bihar releasing the caste data, the Congress government in Rajasthan on Saturday ordered a similar caste-based survey to find out the socio-economic status of different sections of society and formulate targeted welfare schemes for them. The collation of the caste data would enable the State government to prepare schemes for different groups of people engaged …

Supreme Court Questions Bihar Government on Caste Survey Data Publication
1 year, 5 months ago

Supreme Court Questions Bihar Government on Caste Survey Data Publication

Deccan Chronicle  

NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court on Friday refused to restrain the Bihar government from publishing more data from its caste survey, stating that it cannot stop any state from making policy decisions. Bhatti issued a formal notice on a batch of pleas challenging the Patna High Court order, dated August 1, which gave the go-ahead for the caste survey in …

Supreme Court refuses to stay Bihar caste census, says it can't stop govt from taking a decision
1 year, 5 months ago

Supreme Court refuses to stay Bihar caste census, says it can't stop govt from taking a decision

India TV News  

The Supreme Court on Friday refused to stay Bihar caste census which had stated that state’s total population stood at a little over 13.07 crore. What was the survey The Nitish Kumar government in Bihar released findings of its survey months ahead of the 2024 Parliamentary elections, which revealed that OBCs and EBCs constitute a whopping 63 per cent of …

Equality and identity: The Hindu Editorial on the findings of the Bihar caste count
1 year, 5 months ago

Equality and identity: The Hindu Editorial on the findings of the Bihar caste count

The Hindu  

The significance of Bihar conducting a caste survey and publishing a caste-wise count of its population is quite immense. The survey, which had all the trappings of a census, complete with a two-stage process of house-listing followed by the eliciting of information from the households, has shown that 63% of Bihar’s 13 crore population belong to castes listed under the …

What the caste survey means for Nitish-Lalu, and the BJP
1 year, 5 months ago

What the caste survey means for Nitish-Lalu, and the BJP

Hindustan Times  

The caste survey report conducted by the Bihar government and released earlier this week, in all probability is an indicator of another social churning in the state. “The impact of the caste survey would be discernible in the months to come as it has provided the actual numerical strength of caste groups, which could create a new set of leaders …

The impact of the Bihar caste survey | Explained
1 year, 5 months ago

The impact of the Bihar caste survey | Explained

The Hindu  

October 04, 2023 10:41 pm | Updated October 05, 2023 12:10 am IST The story so far: On October 2, the Bihar government published the ‘Bihar Caste-based Survey 2022’, which shows that extremely backward classes and other backward classes together add up to nearly 63% of the 13-crore population, making it the largest caste group in the State. Yes, the …

A national caste census looks all but inevitable
1 year, 5 months ago

A national caste census looks all but inevitable

Live Mint  

The term ‘historic’ may have lost its punch from overuse, but Bihar’s caste count will qualify if it revives the Mandal movement in Indian politics and forces a quota policy rejig. With our democracy’s dynamics shaped by shifts in OBC support and a popular appetite for data whetted by hot news of Bihar’s caste break-up, an all-India caste census looks …

Bihar's caste survey a brave step forward, Maharashtra and other states should follow suit: NCP MLA
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar's caste survey a brave step forward, Maharashtra and other states should follow suit: NCP MLA

The Hindu  

The Sharad Pawar-led Nationalist Congress Party MLA Jitendra Awhad has hailed the Bihar government's caste survey and demanded that a similar exercise be carried out in all states of the country, including Maharashtra, alleging that the rights of the OBCs were being snatched away. "Our demand is that a caste-based census be carried out.What Bihar has done has to be …

Bihar caste survey: Opposition steps up call for similar drive in heartland states
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar caste survey: Opposition steps up call for similar drive in heartland states

Hindustan Times  

The results of Bihar’s caste survey announced on Monday galvanised opposition parties in the heartland states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh to demand similar exercises in their states. “The caste census is a must in UP as well to ensure correct share of various castes in various government schemes,” RLD state president Ramashish Rai said. “We demand the UP …

Bihar caste survey: Opposition sees scope for new narrative, poll dividends
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar caste survey: Opposition sees scope for new narrative, poll dividends

Hindustan Times  

When Bihar’s Nitish Kumar demanded a caste survey as early as 2021 -- a few months after the Bharatiya Janata Party, then an ally, outperformed his party in the state elections -- other parties in the state supported him, but it was yet to become the national imperative opposition parties would now like to see it as. “The Indian National …

Bihar caste survey: A new strand to India’s identity politics
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar caste survey: A new strand to India’s identity politics

Hindustan Times  

Here is what Bihar’s caste survey does not do. For the ruling alliance in Bihar, and the opposition Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance nationally, it offers an opportunity to attack and fracture the BJP’s umbrella social coalition in north and central India, stitched carefully by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and home minister Amit Shah over the past decade, by playing …

What did the Bihar caste survey reveal?
1 year, 5 months ago

What did the Bihar caste survey reveal?

Firstpost  

The Bihar caste survey revealed that OBCs and EBCs comprise 63 per cent of the state’s population, while SCs make up 19.65 per cent. The Centre in 2018 said this was because “certain errors have been observed during the processing of caste data.” The Bihar government ordered the caste survey last year after the BJP-led Narendra Modi government at the …

INDIA bloc cites Bihar data to reiterate demand for nationwide caste census
1 year, 5 months ago

INDIA bloc cites Bihar data to reiterate demand for nationwide caste census

The Hindu  

Citing the findings of the Bihar caste survey, leaders of the Indian National Developmental, Inclusive Alliance on October 2 reiterated their demand for conducting a countrywide caste census to ensure “social justice” to the deprived classes. Welcoming the move of the Bihar government, Congress communication chief Jairam Ramesh said a similar survey was done earlier by the party in Karnataka …

OBCs form whopping 63%, EBCs largest segment. What Bihar caste-based survey revealed
1 year, 5 months ago

OBCs form whopping 63%, EBCs largest segment. What Bihar caste-based survey revealed

Hindustan Times  

The data on the caste-based survey released by the Bihar government suggested that the other backward classes together constitute a staggering 63 per cent of the state's total population, with extremely backward classes being the largest social segment. Despite many conspiracies of the BJP, legal hurdles and all the conspiracies, today Bihar government released the caste-based survey,” the RJD chief …

Bihar caste survey says 63% people from backward, extremely backward classes
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar caste survey says 63% people from backward, extremely backward classes

Hindustan Times  

The Nitish Kumar government in Bihar released a caste-based survey report on Monday, ahead of the Lok Sabha election in 2024. According to the survey, the extremely backward classes comprise 36.01% of the population, the backward classes 27.12% and the general category 15.52% of the covered population. Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar and his deputy Tejashwi Yadav Of the OBC, …

Bihar releases caste survey report, OBCs and EBCs account for THIS much of total state population | CHECK
1 year, 5 months ago

Bihar releases caste survey report, OBCs and EBCs account for THIS much of total state population | CHECK

India TV News  

In a significant development, the Nitish Kumar-led Bihar government on Monday released the findings of its much-awaited caste survey, which revealed that OBCs and EBCs constitute a whopping 63 per cent of the state’s total population. The state’s total population stood at a little over 13.07 crore, out of which, 27.13 per cent of Bihar's total population is from Backward …

Court nod for Bihar caste survey a shot in the arm for regional parties
1 year, 6 months ago

Court nod for Bihar caste survey a shot in the arm for regional parties

The Hindu  

Published : Sep 07, 2023 11:00 IST - 14 MINS READ On August 28, the Central government filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court that said: “No other body under the Constitution or otherwise is entitled to conduct the exercise of either census or any action akin to census.” The court was hearing petitions challenging the caste survey carried out …

JD(U) hits back at Centre over Solicitor General’s intervention in Bihar caste survey case
1 year, 6 months ago

JD(U) hits back at Centre over Solicitor General’s intervention in Bihar caste survey case

The Hindu  

After the Solicitor General’s intervention in the Supreme Court that the Bihar caste survey case may have a “ramification”, Bihar’s ruling Janata Dal-United on August 22 hit back at the BJP-led Centre, saying “their only objective is to disrupt the caste survey”. On August 1, the Patna High Court had dismissed a batch of Public Interest Litigations challenging the validity …

Will not stay Bihar caste survey unless prima facie case made out by those opposing it: SC
1 year, 6 months ago

Will not stay Bihar caste survey unless prima facie case made out by those opposing it: SC

The Hindu  

The Supreme Court Monday told the petitioners challenging the Patna High Court order giving the go-ahead to the Bihar government for a caste survey that it will not stay the exercise unless they made out a prima facie case against it. The Bihar government had said on Friday the caste survey was completed on August 6 and the data gathered …

Explained | Why is Bihar’s caste-based survey facing a challenge in the Supreme Court?
1 year, 7 months ago

Explained | Why is Bihar’s caste-based survey facing a challenge in the Supreme Court?

The Hindu  

The story so far: The Supreme Court is set to hear on August 18 a batch of petitions challenging the Patna High Court’s verdict upholding the Bihar government’s ongoing caste survey. The High Court on May 4 imposed an interim stay on the exercise after concluding that the Bihar government did not have the legal authority to conduct it since …

Supreme Court Turns Down Plea To Halt Bihar Caste Survey; Adjourns Hearing Till August 18
1 year, 7 months ago

Supreme Court Turns Down Plea To Halt Bihar Caste Survey; Adjourns Hearing Till August 18

Live Law  

The Supreme Court on Monday adjourned the hearing of a plea against Bihar government's caste-based survey, with a direction to re-list it along with similar petitions filed in the top court on Friday, August 18. Multiple petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court of India challenging the decision of the Patna High Court to uphold the Bihar government's caste-based …

'No Question of Status Quo': SC Adjourns Hearing on Pleas Contesting HC's Bihar Caste Survey Verdict
1 year, 7 months ago

'No Question of Status Quo': SC Adjourns Hearing on Pleas Contesting HC's Bihar Caste Survey Verdict

News 18  

The Supreme Court on Monday adjourned the hearing of a petition challenging the August 1 verdict of the Patna High Court which had upheld the validity of the caste survey in Bihar, according to reports. Senior Advocate’s Mukul Rohatgi who represented an organisation that appealed to the top court against the Patna High Court’s decision, also asked for the top …

Second phase of caste-based survey resumes in Bihar
1 year, 7 months ago

Second phase of caste-based survey resumes in Bihar

The Hindu  

Bihar’s caste-based survey resumed on August 2, a day after the Patna High Court allowed the State government to continue with it. The Patna High Court has on Tuesday dismissed all petitions filed against the decision of the Bihar Government to conduct a caste-based survey. Dr. Singh added that 15,000 officials have been deputed for the work on the caste-based …

Patna High Court upholds continuance of ongoing caste-based survey in Bihar
1 year, 7 months ago

Patna High Court upholds continuance of ongoing caste-based survey in Bihar

The Hindu  

Chief Minister Nitish Kumar secured significant relief on August 1 after the Patna High Court dismissed all petitions filed against the decision of the Bihar Government to conduct a caste-based survey. The court said in its order: “We find the action of the State to be perfectly valid, initiated with due competence, with the legitimate aim of providing ‘Development with …

Patna HC Upholds Bihar Caste Survey; One Phase Done, Another Yet to Happen
1 year, 7 months ago

Patna HC Upholds Bihar Caste Survey; One Phase Done, Another Yet to Happen

News 18  

Patna High Court on Tuesday upheld Bihar’s caste survey. With the dismissal of all petitions, the interim stay on caste survey in Bihar which was granted by Patna HC order of May 4, gets vacated. The Patna High Court had on May 4 this year stayed the caste survey with immediate effect, asking the authorities to preserve the data collected …

Patna HC upholds Bihar caste survey, dismisses pleas challenging Bihar govt's decision to conduct it
1 year, 7 months ago

Patna HC upholds Bihar caste survey, dismisses pleas challenging Bihar govt's decision to conduct it

India TV News  

Caste based survey in Bihar : Patna High Court on Tuesday upheld the caste survey being conducted by the Bihar government. Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar criticised the opposition BJP for buffeting his government over roadblocks hit by the much-publicised caste survey. The CM, however, declined to comment on the Supreme Court's refusal to grant interim relief on an appeal …

How a caste survey could upend politics in the world’s largest democracy
1 year, 10 months ago

How a caste survey could upend politics in the world’s largest democracy

The Independent  

The morning milk is yet to be delivered, but the April heat is already leaving stains on his shirt. “As a result, the structure is dominated by Upper Castes.” A renewed focus on caste poses a danger to the governing BJP’s electoral successes and could fragment its umbrella voting bloc of Hindus. “They would prefer to pit Muslims against Hindus …

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