DC Edit | Build consensus on Data Bill
1 year, 5 months ago

DC Edit | Build consensus on Data Bill

Deccan Chronicle  

The highly crucial Digital Personal Data Protection Bill is likely to be tabled in Parliament in the upcoming Monsoon Session, starting July 20, after it was approved by the Union Cabinet on Wednesday. Tabled first in 2019, and followed up with multiple revisions, the bill seeks to provide an overarching framework of technology regulations, as it includes the Digital India Bill, which is expected to replace the IT Act, 2000, the Indian Telecommunication Bill and a policy for non-personal data governance. While the Bill, once passed, will play a significant role in India’s trade negotiations with other countries, RTI activists contend that the law will dilute the Right to Information Act, as it provides for exemptions to the Central governments and its agencies on the grounds of national security and maintaining public order. Extensive consultations over the Bill by the government also indicate that many concerns around grounds of processing and data interception may have been addressed.

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History of this topic

Data Protection Rules to be published within a month: Union IT minister
4 months ago

Data Protection Rules to be published within a month: Union IT minister

Hindustan Times  

A draft of the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules will be published for public consultation within thirty days, IT minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said on Monday. Vaishnaw also said that the government has resolved the issue around processing consent for children’s data and the details would be revealed when the draft rules are released for consultation. Under the DPDP Act, a …

Guardians Of Virtual Realm: Navigating Cyber Laws And Safeguarding Data Privacy For Silenced Voices
6 months ago

Guardians Of Virtual Realm: Navigating Cyber Laws And Safeguarding Data Privacy For Silenced Voices

Live Law  

When we speak of cyber frauds, the first thing which strikes our mind is cyber laws, throughout the time these laws have protected us from various cyber frauds but on many instances, we have seen that some people have suffered the wrath of cybercrimes. This act was originally introduced in Parliament as the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2019, it …

Alert first, act fast: Diktat on data breaches soon
11 months, 1 week ago

Alert first, act fast: Diktat on data breaches soon

Live Mint  

Organizations that notice breaches of personal data may have to immediately alert users and flag them to the Data Protection Board, followed by a detailed filing within 72 hours. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, India’s first law on data protection, took effect in August, and upcoming rules under the Act will lay the ground for compliance by technology companies. …

India's Data Revolution: Unpacking the DPDPA 2023 and Ensuring Accountability
1 year ago

India's Data Revolution: Unpacking the DPDPA 2023 and Ensuring Accountability

The Quint  

It is crucial to establish mechanisms that hold the government accountable as a data custodian, said Dr Kislay Pandey, a leading corporate lawyer of India. Specific measures need to be taken to explicitly regulate emerging technologies like AI and tapping into their potential to bolster data protection. He further said, “To ensure the efficacy of data protection and privacy regulation …

The Art of A Good Unicorn | Startup founders, be careful as data is more liability than asset now
1 year, 1 month ago

The Art of A Good Unicorn | Startup founders, be careful as data is more liability than asset now

Hindustan Times  

India has become a rapidly evolving digital landscape where technology reigns supreme. And therein lies the rub: The need for accountability and data protection brewing in Internet startups handling data in India’s burgeoning startup ecosystem. And so, in August 2023, India’s Rajya Sabha passed the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 to redefine how digital personal data is processed. Or …

HNLU To Conduct A Round Table On Data Protection In A Digital World: Perspectives From India
1 year, 3 months ago

HNLU To Conduct A Round Table On Data Protection In A Digital World: Perspectives From India

Live Law  

Hidayatullah National Law University, a leading institution in the field of legal education, is proud to announce an upcoming round table discussion on the topic "Delineating the Issues Relating to Data Protection in a Digital World: Perspectives from India." It will be an exceptional opportunity to engage with experts and explore the intricacies of data protection in the digital age …

Personal Data Protection: How India's Law Looks Compared to EU's Regulations
1 year, 4 months ago

Personal Data Protection: How India's Law Looks Compared to EU's Regulations

The Quint  

DPDPA seeks “to provide for the processing of digital personal data in a manner that recognises both the right of individuals to protect their personal data and the need to process such personal data for lawful purposes and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto,” as mentioned at the beginning of the legislation. In August 2017, when the nine-judge bench …

Word choice in India’s data protection law and a dilution of rights
1 year, 4 months ago

Word choice in India’s data protection law and a dilution of rights

The Hindu  

After years of going back and forth on its contents, India finally has a data protection law, i.e., the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. In the search for an answer to this question, we need to look at two basic features of any data protection law: the use of personal data with consent and without it. As decades of …

An Act to cement digital authoritarianism
1 year, 4 months ago

An Act to cement digital authoritarianism

The Hindu  

“You may say that you want to be forgotten but the state does not want to forget you.” This chilling argument for dominance over every Indian’s life was rejected six years ago, in August 2017, by the Supreme Court of India in the first Puttaswamy decision. The Court reaffirmed the fundamental right to privacy while requiring the Union Government to …

India's DPDP Bill: Pioneering data privacy safeguarding with empowered individuals and responsible fiduciaries
1 year, 4 months ago

India's DPDP Bill: Pioneering data privacy safeguarding with empowered individuals and responsible fiduciaries

Firstpost  

The DPDP Bill signifies a pivotal shift in data processing practices, making it crucial for organisations to comprehend its provisions and ensure compliance The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill represents a significant step towards safeguarding data privacy in India. The DPDP Bill requires data fiduciaries to obtain consent from individuals before processing their personal data. The DPDP Bill also sets …

Explained: India's new Digital Personal Data Protection framework
1 year, 4 months ago

Explained: India's new Digital Personal Data Protection framework

Hindustan Times  

A new law that defines how companies should process users' data came into force with the President giving assent to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act passed by Parliament in the just-concluded monsoon session. Digital Personal Data Protection law has been notified by government. Entities must protect personal data in their possession by taking reasonable security safeguards to prevent a …

HT Interview: Our PM believes in democratising technology, says Vaishnaw
1 year, 4 months ago

HT Interview: Our PM believes in democratising technology, says Vaishnaw

Hindustan Times  

The long-awaited data protection law was given presidential assent on Saturday and notified by the government. An ordinary data fiduciary, a significant data fiduciary, a startup which is trying a new product, and let’s say a fiduciary dealing with children’s data --- they will all be treated as separate classes. And when we write the rules, we’ll make it itemised …

Paytm CEO says data protection bill ‘well articulated’, calls it ‘progress of our digital economy’
1 year, 4 months ago

Paytm CEO says data protection bill ‘well articulated’, calls it ‘progress of our digital economy’

Hindustan Times  

Paytm founder and CEO Vijay Shekhar Sharma on Friday took to X to praise the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, stating that it has been “well articulated” and that “it is progress for India's digital economy,” tagging Union minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar and the IT ministry. The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, which curbs the misuse of personal information by …

President Gives Assent To Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
1 year, 4 months ago

President Gives Assent To Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023

Live Law  

The President has given assent to the new the Digital Personal Data Protect, Act 2023 on Friday. The Bill seeks “to provide for the processing of digital personal data in a manner that recognises both the right of individuals to protect their personal data and the need to process such personal data for lawful purposes.” It applies to the processing …

Parliament Monsoon Session ends today. Top points
1 year, 4 months ago

Parliament Monsoon Session ends today. Top points

Live Mint  

The monsoon session of Parliament, ending Friday after 16 days, was tumultuous with multiple disruptions and vigorous debates over Manipur violence, Delhi Ordinance Bill. Here's look back at of what happened in last few days: Manipur violence Major part of the monsoon session remain disrupted with opposition parties under the banner of INDIA demanding an elaborate discussion on Manipur violence …

Satire India new Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 policy highlights
1 year, 4 months ago

Satire India new Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 policy highlights

The Hindu  

First of all, kudos to the Mother of Democracy for setting new world records every day for fastest-ever law-making. Did you know the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 zipped through Parliament faster than a bullet train? There was no nonsense like ‘informed consent’ because they knew that all individual streams of data merge eventually with the Annadata — ‘the …

'Denying Information Under The Guise Of Data Protection' : Concerns Raised About Digital Personal Data Protection Bill Amending RTI Act
1 year, 4 months ago

'Denying Information Under The Guise Of Data Protection' : Concerns Raised About Digital Personal Data Protection Bill Amending RTI Act

Live Law  

The Parliament passed the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill on Wednesday. The Bill seeks to provide protection to “personal data” and has provision to process it for “lawful purposes.”However, a significant change that the Bill has introduced is an exemption to provide personal information under Right To Information Act.Section 44 of the Bill amends Section 8 of. This is because …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill passed in Parliament, why has govt termed it as a game-changer?
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill passed in Parliament, why has govt termed it as a game-changer?

India TV News  

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill was passed in Rajya Sabha on Wednesday. The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, that introduces several compliance requirements for the collection and processing of personal data and provisions for up to Rs 250 crore penalty for any data breach, provides security to personal data. All in all, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill or Data …

Legal framework for privacy as RS clears digital data bill
1 year, 4 months ago

Legal framework for privacy as RS clears digital data bill

Hindustan Times  

The Rajya Sabha passed the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 on Wednesday, clearing the way for what will be the first legal framework for privacy, close to six years after it was held as a fundamental right for Indians by the Supreme Court. While it is unlikely to take long for the bill to receive presidential assent — at …

Data market’s future hinges on regulation
1 year, 4 months ago

Data market’s future hinges on regulation

Hindustan Times  

In 1776, when Adam Smith — arguably the most ardent champion of market economics — argued in favour of the invisible hand, there was no telephone, no broadband and no digital data coursing through cables or air waves. Several economists, including Hal Varian, the chief economist of Google, are swayed by the efficiency hypothesis while others liken data to oil …

Rajya Sabha passes Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023
1 year, 4 months ago

Rajya Sabha passes Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023

The Hindu  

The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, was passed by the Rajya Sabha on Wednesday, after most Opposition MPs staged a walkout. The Bill sets out norms for data processing digitally for firms, creates an adjudicatory mechanism for resolving disputes, and provides for the creation of a Data Protection Board of India. “The Bill, instead of protecting the right to …

India passes data protection legislation in Parliament. Critics fear privacy violation
1 year, 4 months ago

India passes data protection legislation in Parliament. Critics fear privacy violation

Associated Press  

NEW DELHI — Indian lawmakers Wednesday approved a data protection legislation that “seeks to better regulate big tech firms and penalize companies for data breaches” as several groups expressed concern over citizens’ privacy rights. The legislation will limit cross-border transfer of data and provide a framework for setting up a data protection authority to ensure compliance from tech companies, Information …

India passes data protection bill amid surveillance concerns
1 year, 4 months ago

India passes data protection bill amid surveillance concerns

Al Jazeera  

The new law has drawn criticism from opposition lawmakers and rights groups over the scope of exemptions, weakening gov’t accountability. Indian lawmakers have passed a data protection law that will dictate how tech companies process users’ data amid criticism that it will likely lead to increased surveillance by the government. The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 gives the government …

Falling short: The Hindu Editorial on the Digital Data Protection Bill, 2023
1 year, 4 months ago

Falling short: The Hindu Editorial on the Digital Data Protection Bill, 2023

The Hindu  

The Digital Data Protection Bill, 2023, was passed in the Lok Sabha on Monday and will now have to be cleared by the Rajya Sabha. These “uses” are situations where such data may be processed without obtaining the data principal’s consent, such as by government agencies for providing licences, welfare benefits, permits and services. The Srikrishna Committee’s Draft Bill in …

Indranil Banerjie | A Law to Protect Citizens, Or To Help in State Snooping?
1 year, 4 months ago

Indranil Banerjie | A Law to Protect Citizens, Or To Help in State Snooping?

Deccan Chronicle  

In today’s digital age, privacy is a chimera -- the reality is that every intimate detail of our lives, from our eating and spending patterns to medical and financial details, are digitally recorded in some computer somewhere in the vast cloud and can therefore be potentially exposed. The idea of a digital data protection law had become imperative given the …

DPDP gives people command over their personal data: EY
1 year, 4 months ago

DPDP gives people command over their personal data: EY

The Hindu  

The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill will empower data principals to have command over their data, said Lalit Kalra, Technology Partner, EY India. “The Bill gives more power to individuals especially in the context that for many years, organisations and various platforms have been collecting personal data of individual citizens,” he told The Hindu. Further explaining the additional rights the …

United Forum for RTI urges MPs to raise concerns on Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023
1 year, 4 months ago

United Forum for RTI urges MPs to raise concerns on Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023

The Hindu  

The United Forum for RTI Campaign-Andhra Pradesh, a confederation of organisations and individuals working on issues of Right to Information, has appealed to MPs to express their concerns regarding the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, which was introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 3, 2023. In a statement, UFRTI co-conveners Chakdradhar Buddha and Emmanuel Dasari opined that the …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill 2023 Gets Lok Sabha Approval
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill 2023 Gets Lok Sabha Approval

Deccan Chronicle  

HYDERABAD: On Monday, Lok Sabha approved the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill 2023 without any amendments. The provisions of the bill, while recognising and safeguarding the rights of individuals to protect their personal data, also acknowledge the requirement to process such data for lawful purposes. The provisions of the bill will be applicable to the personal data gathered in India …

The new data bill will mark a paradigm shift
1 year, 4 months ago

The new data bill will mark a paradigm shift

Hindustan Times  

The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha yesterday. This is why I have been opposed to the enactment of a compliance-heavy, General Data Protection Regulation style regulation in India, even though this is widely believed to be the gold standard for data protection. Most of the other data protection principles — retention restrictions, purpose specifications, …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 passes in Lok Sabha; govt. shrugs off exemptions
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 passes in Lok Sabha; govt. shrugs off exemptions

The Hindu  

The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, was passed in the Lok Sabha in a voice vote, amid continuous sloganeering from the Opposition benches. The Bill, now headed to the Upper House, also amends the Right to Information Act, 2005 to remove public interest exemptions on disclosing personal information. “If the police is pursuing an offender somewhere, will they concern …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill passed in Lok Sabha
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill passed in Lok Sabha

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, passed in Lok Sabha on Monday. The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill frames out the rights and duties of the citizen on one hand and the Obligations to use collected data lawfully of the Data Fiduciary on the other hand. The reintroduced draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill has proposed six …

Editors Guild raises concerns over data protection and press Bills
1 year, 4 months ago

Editors Guild raises concerns over data protection and press Bills

The Hindu  

The Editors Guild of India on Sunday expressed concerns over certain provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill and Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill. The government has listed the DPDP Bill for consideration and passage in the Lok Sabha on Monday, while the PRP Bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 1 and passed two days …

Explained | What is the Data Protection Bill of 2023?
1 year, 4 months ago

Explained | What is the Data Protection Bill of 2023?

The Hindu  

The story so far: The journey towards a data protection legislation can be traced back to 2017 when an expert committee was constituted by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. On November 18, 2022, a draft of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 was released for public consultation. While the impetus for a data protection legislation must be …

Personal data protection bill 2023: What will change for a normal user? Explained
1 year, 4 months ago

Personal data protection bill 2023: What will change for a normal user? Explained

Hindustan Times  

The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, was presented in the Lok Sabha on Thursday. Digital Personal Data Protection Bill was tabled in Lok Sabha on Thursday. Once the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill becomes law, there will be a framework and an ombudsman system to handle data breach problems. Special provision for children: “It is heartening to see measures …

Data Protection Bill 2023 tabled in Lok Sabha, here's what govt, Oppn are saying
1 year, 4 months ago

Data Protection Bill 2023 tabled in Lok Sabha, here's what govt, Oppn are saying

Hindustan Times  

The Data Protection Bill, 2023 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on Thursday, with several Opposition parliamentarians opposing the move and asking for it to be sent to a standing committee instead, before a voice vote allowed for the legislation to be taken up, with discussions likely over the next few working days. The data protection law started its life …

Centre Clarifies 'PM Modi's Vision' After Oppn Resists Data Protection Bill In Parliament
1 year, 4 months ago

Centre Clarifies 'PM Modi's Vision' After Oppn Resists Data Protection Bill In Parliament

ABP News  

Minister of State for Information Technology Minister Rajeev Chandrashekhar on Thursday said that the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill is a very significant milestone in Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision which will protect the rights of all citizens. He defended the government's access to citizens' data as "lawful and legitimate in national security and emergencies" as opposition parties rallied to …

Explained: Digital Personal Data Protection bill
1 year, 4 months ago

Explained: Digital Personal Data Protection bill

Live Mint  

Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led union government on 3 August introduced the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 in the Lok Sabha. He mentioned, “DPDPBill is a global standard, Contemporary, FutureReady yet simple and easy to understand.” What is Digital Personal Data Protection Bill? Once the bill will be enacted, transformation is imminent and enterprises should embrace it, not just for …

Money bill vs normal bill: Govt refutes rumours around Data Protection Bill
1 year, 4 months ago

Money bill vs normal bill: Govt refutes rumours around Data Protection Bill

Live Mint  

Narendra Modi-led government is all set to introduce the digital personal data protection bill in Lok Sabha on Thursday. According to Lok Sabha MP Manish Tewari, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill is set to be brought to Parliament, classified as a Financial Bill. As per media reports, the government has confirmed that the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill being …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 introduced in Lok Sabha
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 introduced in Lok Sabha

The Hindu  

The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on Thursday, nearly six years after the Supreme Court held privacy a fundamental right under the Constitution. Follow live updates from Parliament Monsoon Session on August 3 Disclosures, fines The Bill requires companies to better protect digital data taken from individuals, by clearly mentioning to them what …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill Introduced in Lok Sabha After Long Wait
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill Introduced in Lok Sabha After Long Wait

The Quint  

Here are the highlights from the DPDP Bill, 2023, that was tabled in the Lok Sabha on Thursday: What type of data does the Bill regulate? The latest version of the DPDP Bill, 2023, proposes to regulate the processing of only digital personal data belonging to the Data Principal. A Data Principal's personal data can be processed as long as …

Experts wary as data bill set to be tabled
1 year, 4 months ago

Experts wary as data bill set to be tabled

Hindustan Times  

The government will table the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 in Parliament on Thursday, according to the Lok Sabha website’s list of business, kicking off a process that experts said needs careful deliberations since draft versions of the legislation had several problems. The bill is meant to lay down guardrails so that digital personal data of Indian citizens is …

Indians raise concerns over data compromises by govt and telcos: Report
1 year, 4 months ago

Indians raise concerns over data compromises by govt and telcos: Report

India TV News  

Ahead of the expected tabling of the Digital Personal Data Protection bill in Parliament on August 3, a new report highlights the concerns of Indian citizens regarding data breaches. Among those who believed their personal data had been leaked, 72% mentioned their mobile numbers, 63% cited email addresses, 53% referred to Aadhaar numbers, and 50% indicated PAN card numbers. Regarding …

House panel’s report seeks speedy adoption of data bill
1 year, 4 months ago

House panel’s report seeks speedy adoption of data bill

Hindustan Times  

The parliamentary committee on communications and information technology tabled a report on the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, in Parliament on Monday, advocating its immediate enactment into law. The report also discussed the “Significance of Consent in the Draft Bill,” “Certain Exemptions to Maintain Public Order,” “Accountability and Deterrence Mechanism under the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill” and “Flexibility …

The dangers in the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill
1 year, 4 months ago

The dangers in the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill

The Hindu  

The government is set to introduce the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill in Parliament. The Data Protection Bill of 2022 includes a provision to amend the Right to Information Act, which has empowered millions of Indian citizens since its enactment in 2005. Given that the government is the biggest data repository, an effective data protection law must not give wide …

House panel report on data protection Bill tabled in Rajya Sabha
1 year, 4 months ago

House panel report on data protection Bill tabled in Rajya Sabha

The Hindu  

Opposing the introduction of a parliamentary standing committee report on ‘Citizens’ Data Security and Privacy’ that deals with the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, CPI member John Brittas on August 1 pointed out that the Bill, which is yet to be introduced in Parliament, was never referred to the parliamentary panel and thus it is a breach of rules. The …

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill: Centre Slams Oppn Panel’s ‘Misinformation’
1 year, 4 months ago

Digital Personal Data Protection Bill: Centre Slams Oppn Panel’s ‘Misinformation’

News 18  

Terming it “misinformation”, the Centre on Tuesday rubbished the claims of the Opposition parties, who are part of the Standing Committee for Information Technology and Communication, that the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill was not referred to them. ➡️No bill including the proposed DPDP can be referred to any committee unless it is done so by Parliament ➡️In turn, the …

India’s data protection law needs refinement
1 year, 5 months ago

India’s data protection law needs refinement

The Hindu  

India is no Europe, and this seems especially true in the face of a task such as drafting and conceptualising a data protection law for over 1.4 billion Indians. The European Union’s data protection law, i.e., the General Data Protection Regulation, came into force in the middle of 2018 and achieved widespread popularity as arguably the most comprehensive data privacy …

Data Protection Bill to be tabled this monsoon session: Here’s everything you need to know
1 year, 5 months ago

Data Protection Bill to be tabled this monsoon session: Here’s everything you need to know

Firstpost  

The Indian Parliament will table the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill during the ongoing monsoon session. The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022, which was initially proposed in November, is set to be presented during the Monsoon Session of Parliament starting on July 20. In November 2022, the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022, was made publicly available by …

Data Protection Bill | Granting government exemption causes great concern, says Justice Srikrishna
1 year, 5 months ago

Data Protection Bill | Granting government exemption causes great concern, says Justice Srikrishna

The Hindu  

“The provisions granting exemption to the government and government bodies from all sections of the law in the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, cause “great concern,” says Justice B.N. The Union Cabinet on July 5 cleared the Bill that essentially allows laypersons to complain to the Data Protection Board of India, consisting of technical experts constituted by the …

New Data Protection Bill receives Cabinet's green light: Here's all you need to know
1 year, 5 months ago

New Data Protection Bill receives Cabinet's green light: Here's all you need to know

India TV News  

India's ongoing efforts to protect privacy and personal data have gained significance in light of the Supreme Court's recognition of privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution. The need for a robust data protection law became apparent following incidents of data breaches and unauthorized use of personal information by entities before stricter regulations were imposed globally. …

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