Saudi Arabia overtakes Russia to be India's No. 2 oil supplier in August
2 years, 6 months ago

Saudi Arabia overtakes Russia to be India's No. 2 oil supplier in August

Hindustan Times  

Saudi Arabia emerged as the second-biggest oil supplier to India after a three-month gap, overtaking Russia by a thin margin, while Iraq retained the top spot in August, data from industry and trade sources showed. 2 oil buyer after China India, the world's third biggest oil importer and consumer, shipped in 863,950 barrels per day of crude from Saudi Arabia, up 4.8% from the previous month, while purchases from Russia fell 2.4% to 855,950 bpd, the data showed. Despite Saudi's gain, the share of oil from Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in India fell to 59.8%, the lowest in at least 16 years as India cut African imports. That lifted share of CIS countries in India's April-August oil imports to about 20% from 2.9%, the data showed.

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History of this topic

Russia remains top arms supplier to India: SIPRI report
5 days, 9 hours ago

Russia remains top arms supplier to India: SIPRI report

New Indian Express  

The largest share of India’s imports came from Russia ; however, this was a significantly smaller share than in 2015–19 and 2010–14. Going by the trends, “India is shifting its arms supply relations towards Western suppliers, most notably France, Israel and the USA.” As per the SIPRI report, “Despite recent public declarations from the two sides that relations between India …

Why has India promised to buy more U.S. oil? | Explained
Trending News
1 week ago

Why has India promised to buy more U.S. oil? | Explained

The Hindu  

The story so far: India committed to procure more oil and natural gas from the U.S. when Prime Minister Narendra Modi met U.S. President Donald Trump in February in Washington amid tariff threats. The aim is to establish the U.S. as a leading supplier of crude oil and petroleum products and liquefied natural gas to India. Citing a report of …

India spent ₹1.15 lakh crore on purchasing Russian crude oil since Ukraine war, China emerges biggest buyer: Report
1 week, 1 day ago

India spent ₹1.15 lakh crore on purchasing Russian crude oil since Ukraine war, China emerges biggest buyer: Report

Live Mint  

India, the world's third largest oil consuming and importing nation, spent 112.5 billion euro on buying crude oil from Russia since the start of the Ukraine war, a European think tank said on Thursday. India, which is more than 85 per cent dependent on imports to meet its crude oil needs, spent USD 232.7 billion on crude imports in 2022-23 …

India purchased Rs 1.5 lakh crore worth of Russian oil since Ukraine war: Report
1 week, 3 days ago

India purchased Rs 1.5 lakh crore worth of Russian oil since Ukraine war: Report

New Indian Express  

NEW DELHI: India, the world's third largest oil consuming and importing nation, spent 112.5 billion euro on buying crude oil from Russia since the start of the Ukraine war, a European think tank said on Thursday. India, which is more than 85 percent dependent on imports to meet its crude oil needs, spent USD 232.7 billion on crude imports in …

India imports €49 billion worth of Russian oil in 3rd year of Ukraine invasion
2 weeks, 5 days ago

India imports €49 billion worth of Russian oil in 3rd year of Ukraine invasion

The Hindu  

India, the world's third largest oil consuming and importing nation, bought crude oil worth €49 billion from Russia in the third year of Moscow's invasion of Ukraine, a global think tank said. This led to India's imports of Russian oil seeing a dramatic rise, growing from less than 1% of its total crude oil imports to a staggering 40 per …

US becomes India’s fifth largest oil supplier ahead of Trump trade tariffs, Russia retains top spot: Report
3 weeks, 2 days ago

US becomes India’s fifth largest oil supplier ahead of Trump trade tariffs, Russia retains top spot: Report

Live Mint  

India's oil imports from the US rose sharply in January from December, making the world's largest economy the fifth largest oil supplier to India. India's imports from its top oil supplier, Russia, rose 4.3 per cent last month to 1.58 million bpd. The share of Middle Eastern oil in India's about 5.1 million bpd crude imports in January rose to …

India’s trade deficit likely to come down by over USD 1 billion from USD 21.94 billion in December
1 month ago

India’s trade deficit likely to come down by over USD 1 billion from USD 21.94 billion in December

Op India  

India’s merchandise trade deficit is expected to have narrowed to USD 20.88 billion in January 2025, down from USD 21.94 billion in December 2024, according to a report by Union Bank of India. The report noted that India imported 1.67 million barrels per day of crude oil from Russia in January, marking a 13 per cent increase from December. Saudi …

Indian Oil buying sanction-free Russian crude, chairman says, projects 6-7% gasoline demand growth by 2026
1 month ago

Indian Oil buying sanction-free Russian crude, chairman says, projects 6-7% gasoline demand growth by 2026

Live Mint  

Public sector behemoth Indian Oil Corporation is buying Russian crude oil cargoes that are not involved with sanctioned entities, according to Chairman AS Sahney, Reuters reported. Indian Oil in talks with Cheniere for 15-year LNG deal Further, in another report, Reuters cited sources to report that Indian Oil is in talks with United States-based firm Cheniere Energy for a 15-year …

US Sanctions May Raise India’s Oil Import Bill
1 month, 1 week ago

US Sanctions May Raise India’s Oil Import Bill

Deccan Chronicle  

Chennai: US sanctions on Russia’s oil industry and rupee depreciation could see India’s crude oil import bill going up by 8-9 per cent in the coming months. Of these 183 vessels, 30 per cent carry oil to India and in the first 11 months of 2024, 37 per cent of India’s oil import was from Russia. This would see India’s …

U.S. sanctions hit Russian oil supply to India; BPCL says supplies may be impacted
1 month, 2 weeks ago

U.S. sanctions hit Russian oil supply to India; BPCL says supplies may be impacted

The Hindu  

The wide-ranging sanctions imposed by the U.S. on the Russian oil sector have started to dent near-term oil flows to India with state-owned Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. saying not enough cargoes are available for March. India, biggest buyer of Russian crude oil Russia made up for just 0.2% of all oil imported by India in the year ended on March …

Collateral damage: Indian refiners feel the heat of fresh US sanctions on Russian oil
1 month, 3 weeks ago

Collateral damage: Indian refiners feel the heat of fresh US sanctions on Russian oil

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Gross refining margins of Indian oil refiners are likely to shrink going ahead post fresh sanctions on two Russian oil producers and nearly 200 crude-carrying vessels, according to sector experts. Decline in public sector GRMs As Russian discounts fall to below $5 per barrel, GRMs of Indian public sector oil marketing companies have already declined by about 80% …

China, India seek new supplies as U.S. sanctions tighten grip on Russian oil
Trending News
2 months ago

China, India seek new supplies as U.S. sanctions tighten grip on Russian oil

The Hindu  

Chinese and Indian refiners are seeking alternative fuel supplies as they adapt to severe new U.S. sanctions on Russian producers and tankers that are designed to curb the revenues of the world’s second-largest oil exporter. Analysts said the new sanctions were likely to reduce Russian oil exports in the short term, but Russia could adapt by using the vessels in …

Fresh US sanctions on Russian oil unlikely to have immediate impact on India
2 months ago

Fresh US sanctions on Russian oil unlikely to have immediate impact on India

Live Mint  

New Delhi: US’s fresh sanctions on two Russian oil producers along with tankers are unlikely to have an immediate impact on India for about the next two months as the crude required for this period has already loaded on vessels and is in transit, a top government official said. Strategic oil sourcing Russia has emerged as the top supplier of …

India Optimistic About Russian Oil Supply Amid US Sanctions
2 months ago

India Optimistic About Russian Oil Supply Amid US Sanctions

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: As the US Treasury imposed sanctions on Russian oil producers last week, India, the world's third-largest oil importer and consumer, does not expect any disruption to Russian oil supply in the next two months as the US-sanctioned tankers are allowed to discharge crude until March, a top oil ministry official source said on Monday on condition of anonymity. …

India’s petroleum exports plunge amid weak global demand, Red Sea disruptions
2 months, 2 weeks ago

India’s petroleum exports plunge amid weak global demand, Red Sea disruptions

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Exports of petroleum products took a hit in November, weighed down by sluggish demand in developed economies, a rise in domestic consumption and a significant decline in cheap petroleum imports from Russia. Compounding the issue, India’s imports of Russian crude oil in November fell to their lowest levels since June 2022, according to a recent report from the …

India’s oil demand growth to top China’s in 2024, trend to continue next year: S&P
2 months, 2 weeks ago

India’s oil demand growth to top China’s in 2024, trend to continue next year: S&P

Live Mint  

India is poised to close 2024 with a higher oil demand growth rate than China, underscoring its emergence as a key consumption hub in Asia, according to a report by S&P Global Commodity Insights. "India is set to end the year with its oil demand growth rate surpassing China's, making it one of the fastest-growing consumption centres," the report noted, …

Indian state refiners may buy Mideast spot oil to replace Russian shortfall
2 months, 2 weeks ago

Indian state refiners may buy Mideast spot oil to replace Russian shortfall

Live Mint  

* State refiners look to Middle East crude * Russian oil exports drop on domestic demand, OPEC * Three state refiners may tap stocks to cover processing in March By Nidhi Verma NEW DELHI, Dec 24 - Indian state refiners are considering tapping the Middle East crude market as spot supply from their top supplier Russia have fallen, three refining …

Middle East share of India’s Nov oil imports at 9-month high; Russia down
2 months, 3 weeks ago

Middle East share of India’s Nov oil imports at 9-month high; Russia down

Live Mint  

By Nidhi Verma NEW DELHI - India's November crude imports showed Middle Eastern oil at a 9-month high while Russia accounted for its smallest share in three quarters, ship tracking data obtained from sources showed. The world's third biggest oil importer and consumer in November shipped in 13% less Russia oil compared with October at 1.52 million barrels per day, …

India’s crude oil imports from Russia drop 55% in November, lowest since June 2022
3 months ago

India’s crude oil imports from Russia drop 55% in November, lowest since June 2022

Live Mint  

India's import of Russian crude dropped to its lowest level since June 2022 in November this year, reported the news agency PTI on Sunday, December 15, citing a Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air report. “India's imports of Russian crude oil dropped by a massive 55 per cent in November - the lowest figure since June 2022,” the …

Rosneft, Reliance agree biggest ever India-Russia oil supply deal: Reports
3 months ago

Rosneft, Reliance agree biggest ever India-Russia oil supply deal: Reports

Deccan Chronicle  

Russia's state oil firm Rosneft has agreed to supply nearly 500,000 barrels per day of crude to Indian private refiner Reliance in the biggest ever energy deal between the two countries, three sources familiar with the deal said.The 10-year agreement amounts to 0.5% of global supply and is worth roughly $13 billion a year at today's prices. The company declined …

Exclusive-Rising costs squeeze intermediaries out of thriving Russian oil trade with India
3 months, 1 week ago

Exclusive-Rising costs squeeze intermediaries out of thriving Russian oil trade with India

Live Mint  

By Nidhi Verma NEW DELHI/MOSCOW - Three trading houses have become dominant sellers of Russian oil to India as many smaller players dropped out of the business due to high funding costs in Russia and lack of access to Western funds, according to data and six trading sources. Traders such as Dubai-based Starex Trading and Pontus Trading, which were large …

Saudi Arabia boosts crude oil share in Asia at Russia’s expense: Russell
3 months, 2 weeks ago

Saudi Arabia boosts crude oil share in Asia at Russia’s expense: Russell

Live Mint  

By Clyde Russell LAUNCESTON, Australia, - Saudi Arabia clawed back market share of Asia's crude oil imports in November, while Russia surrendered some of its barrels in what may be an early sign of a shift in market dynamics. Asia's imports from Saudi Arabia, the world's biggest crude exporter, rose to 5.83 million barrels per day in November, up from …

Russia wants to become the second-largest oil producer in the world
4 months ago

Russia wants to become the second-largest oil producer in the world

China Daily  

Russia is reportedly considering a major oil-sector shakeup by merging three of its largest oil companies: state-backed Rosneft and Gazprom Neft and privately-held Lukoil. Notably, the consolidation could allow Russia to command higher prices for crude oil exports to major buyers like India and China. This shift is driven by Russia’s substantial discounts on crude oil, which have made it …

Russian oil finds its way to Europe via India; India now biggest exporter of fuel to EU
4 months ago

Russian oil finds its way to Europe via India; India now biggest exporter of fuel to EU

The Hindu  

India's export of fuels like diesel to the European Union jumped 58% in the first three quarters of 2024, with a bulk of them likely coming from refining discounted Russian oil, according to a monthly tracker report. "In the 13 months since the oil price cap took effect, over one-third of India's exports of oil products to sanctioning countries was …

Amid Ukraine war, Netherlands continues to be top destination for India’s petroleum exports
8 months, 2 weeks ago

Amid Ukraine war, Netherlands continues to be top destination for India’s petroleum exports

Live Mint  

New Delhi: The Netherlands, with its developed transit ports, continues to be the top destination for India’s petroleum exports, with shipments to Europe accounting for $4.4 billion during April-May 2024, up from $2.8 billion in the same period of the previous year. India, a key Asian refining hub with an installed capacity of nearly 250 million tonnes per annum across …

Amid Ukraine war, Netherlands continues to be top destination for India’s petroleum exports
8 months, 2 weeks ago

Amid Ukraine war, Netherlands continues to be top destination for India’s petroleum exports

Live Mint  

New Delhi: The Netherlands, with its developed transit ports, continues to be the top destination for India’s petroleum exports, with shipments to Europe accounting for $4.4 billion during April-May 2024, up from $2.8 billion in the same period of the previous year. {{^adFree}} {{/adFree}} India, a key Asian refining hub with an installed capacity of nearly 250 million tonnes per …

'I have to make my 140 crore people happy, not US': PM Modi on India's crude oil import from Russia I WATCH
9 months, 3 weeks ago

'I have to make my 140 crore people happy, not US': PM Modi on India's crude oil import from Russia I WATCH

India TV News  

'I have to make my 140 crore people happy, not US': PM Modi on India's crude oil import from Russia I WATCH During the extensive interview on Thursday at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, PM Modi emphasised how he has often faced inquiries regarding India's choice to buy crude oil from Russia following President Vladimir Putin's declaration of full-scale war against …

Russia was China’s top oil supplier for the twelfth month in April
9 months, 3 weeks ago

Russia was China’s top oil supplier for the twelfth month in April

The Hindu  

Russia was China’s top oil supplier in April for a 12th month, with volumes rising 30% from a year earlier, official data showed, as refiners continued to cash in on discounted shipments, while supplies from Saudi Arabia fell a quarter on higher prices. China’s crude-oil imports from Russia, which include supplies sent via pipelines and the sea, were 9.26 million …

Chabahar: India’s Balancing Act Against China, West Asia and the West
10 months ago

Chabahar: India’s Balancing Act Against China, West Asia and the West

News 18  

Geostrategy is increasingly becoming a process of increasing a nation’s options. While Russia has been encountering sanctions from Western Europe and the US ever since the war with Ukraine, Iran has endured them for far longer. The US, Israel and others in West Asia are aware of India’s cordial relationship with Iran. India’s sea and land route via Chabahar in …

India saved USD 13 billion by importing discounted Russian crude
10 months, 2 weeks ago

India saved USD 13 billion by importing discounted Russian crude

New Indian Express  

NEW DELHI: India has saved around $13 billion by importing discounted crude oil from Russia in the past two years, according to a study by ICRA, the rating agency. According to energy cargo tracker Vortexa, India received 1.36 million barrels of crude oil per day from Russia in March 2024, compared to 1.27 million barrels per day in February 2024. …

India's crude oil import bill drops 16% in FY24, import dependence soars to 87%
10 months, 3 weeks ago

India's crude oil import bill drops 16% in FY24, import dependence soars to 87%

Live Mint  

India's crude oil import dropped 16 per cent in the fiscal year ended March 31 as lower international rates but the dependency on overseas suppliers rose to a new high, official data showed. {{^adFree}} {{/adFree}} But it paid USD 132.4 billion for the imports in FY24 as against USD 157.5 billion import bill in 2022-23, oil ministry's Petroleum Planning and …

No sanctions against India for purchasing, refining Russian oil: U.S. Treasury officials
11 months, 1 week ago

No sanctions against India for purchasing, refining Russian oil: U.S. Treasury officials

The Hindu  

April 04, 2024 07:55 pm | Updated 09:51 pm IST - NEW DELHI Striking a conciliatory note on India’s imports of Russian oil, U.S. Treasury department officials visiting Delhi said on April 4 that the aim of U.S. sanctions and the oil “price cap” was not to limit the purchase of Russian ‘Ural’ oil, but to limit the revenues made …

US has not asked India to reduce Russian oil imports: Officials
11 months, 1 week ago

US has not asked India to reduce Russian oil imports: Officials

Hindustan Times  

NEW DELHI: The US has not asked India to reduce its imports of Russian oil and the price cap and sanctions regime imposed by the G7 are aimed at squeezing Moscow’s profits from crude sales and impeding its ability to finance the war in Ukraine, two US officials said on Thursday. Russian oil is priced above $60 a barrel The …

’My friend...’: Russian FM lauds Jaishankar’s response on oil import
1 year ago

’My friend...’: Russian FM lauds Jaishankar’s response on oil import

Live Mint  

Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov has praised an old remark made by India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar at the United Nations. Lavrov at the World Youth Forum in Russia's Sochi called Jaishankar "My friend" and heaped praises on the Indian minister for navigating bilateral ties between New Delhi and Moscow amid the Ukraine war. Russian oil import According to …

Russia remains top oil supplier to India, imports climb 25% in December
1 year ago

Russia remains top oil supplier to India, imports climb 25% in December

Live Mint  

New Delhi: Russia remained the top supplier of oil to India in December, accounting for nearly a third of the crude brought into the country, according to commerce ministry's data. Prior to the Ukraine conflict, in fiscal year 2021-22, Russian oil accounted for only 2% of India’s total oil imports, with Iraq being the top supplier, followed by Saudi Arabia …

Petroleum exports drop sharply as West tightens squeeze on Russia
1 year ago

Petroleum exports drop sharply as West tightens squeeze on Russia

Live Mint  

NEW DELHI: Earnings from petroleum shipments fell steeply in April-January FY24 due to the global economic slowdown, a rise in domestic consumption, and shrinking discounts on Russian oil. According to data from the government’s Niryat portal, earnings from exports of chemicals and petroleum products stood at $67.11 billion in the April-January FY24 period, down 11.29% from $75.65 billion in the …

India resumes buying Russian Sokol oil after 2-month hiatus, sources say
1 year ago

India resumes buying Russian Sokol oil after 2-month hiatus, sources say

The Hindu  

India has resumed imports of Russian Sokol oil after a two-month gap with at least two refiners so far taking deliveries of the light sweet crude in February, four trade sources said and ship tracking data showed. India did not receive Sokol oil in December and January, data from trade sources and the ship tracking data shows. In February, private …

No disruption in oil flows to India, only freight up: HPCL head
1 year, 1 month ago

No disruption in oil flows to India, only freight up: HPCL head

The Hindu  

The ongoing attacks on shipping vessels by Houthi militants in the Red Sea have not impacted the flow of crude oil to India but freight has gone up due to rerouting via the Cape of Good Hope, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Chairman Pushp Kumar Joshi said. OPINION | The larger message to New Delhi from the Red Sea In a …

India to allow edible oil imports at lower duty until March 2025
1 year, 2 months ago

India to allow edible oil imports at lower duty until March 2025

The Hindu  

India will extend the import of edible oil at a lower duty by another year until March 2025, the Government said in a notification issued late on January 15 as the world's biggest importer of vegetable oil moves to limit local prices. The lower import duty structure on crude palm oil, crude sunflower oil and crude soyoil was set to …

Europe buying Russian oil via India at record rates in 2023 despite Ukraine war
1 year, 2 months ago

Europe buying Russian oil via India at record rates in 2023 despite Ukraine war

The Independent  

For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails Sign up to our free breaking news emails SIGN UP I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. India became the world’s leading importer of Russian crude …

India reduces import of Russian crude oil over pricing
1 year, 2 months ago

India reduces import of Russian crude oil over pricing

Hindustan Times  

Indian refiners have significantly cut Russian crude imports and plan to further decrease shipments from the sanctions-hit country after Moscow steeply reduced discounts from about $10 a barrel to around $2 in recent months, at least four people directly aware of the development said. Indian oil companies have decided to cut crude imports from Russia because of only one reason, …

Why India's oil purchase from Russia declined: Hardeep Singh Puri explains
1 year, 2 months ago

Why India's oil purchase from Russia declined: Hardeep Singh Puri explains

Hindustan Times  

Union minister of petroleum and natural gas Hardeep Singh Puri said crude oil supply in India from Russia has not dropped because of the payment-related issues. Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri India is one of the largest importers of crude oil in the world, but its imports from Russia significantly decreased over the past few …

'No payment problem': Hardeep Singh Puri on declining oil imports from Russia
1 year, 2 months ago

'No payment problem': Hardeep Singh Puri on declining oil imports from Russia

India Today  

The reduction in India's oil imports from Russia is primarily due to unattractive prices and not any payment issues, clarified Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri on Wednesday. He mentioned that, on average, India purchases 1.5 million barrels per day of Russian oil, and there have been no complaints from oil companies about facing payment settlement issues …

India increases oil imports from Saudi as Russian purchases fall to 11-month low
1 year, 2 months ago

India increases oil imports from Saudi as Russian purchases fall to 11-month low

Live Mint  

India increased imports of Saudi oil in December as payment problems drove its Russian oil buys to an 11-month low, with at least five cargoes of the sweet Sokol variant heading to other locations, as per data from vessel tracking agencies, quoted in a Reuters report. India's oil imports from Russia in December declined between 16 per cent and 22 …

The dominant dollar faces a backlash in the oil market
1 year, 2 months ago

The dominant dollar faces a backlash in the oil market

Live Mint  

Some major emerging economies are dabbling in trading commodities without using the dollar, as they seek to reduce their reliance on the U.S. currency. And in November, Saudi Arabia and China set up a roughly $7 billion currency-swap line, which the Chinese central bank said would strengthen financial ties and expand the use of local currencies. The tight links between …

Russia minister says oil supplies to India increased to 40 percent since Ukraine war
1 year, 2 months ago

Russia minister says oil supplies to India increased to 40 percent since Ukraine war

Hindustan Times  

Moscow: Russia's deputy prime minister Alexander Novak said on Wednesday his country has redirected most its oil supplies towards India and China after the West enforced economic sanctions against it over the Ukraine war. "China -- whose share has grown to 45-50 percent -- and India have become our main partners in the current situation," Novak was quoted as saying …

India's crude oil output up 1.3% to 2.5 MMT in October, imports rise after four months of declines: PPAC
1 year, 3 months ago

India's crude oil output up 1.3% to 2.5 MMT in October, imports rise after four months of declines: PPAC

Live Mint  

India produced a total of 2.5 million metric tonnes of crude oil in October 2023 - registering a growth of 1.3 per cent compared to the year-ago period, according to Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell. According to PPAC data, crude oil imports increased by 2.2 per cent and by 0.6 per cent during October 2023 and April-October 2023 respectively, compared …

Saudi cuts Asian Premium after India taps Russian oil
1 year, 5 months ago

Saudi cuts Asian Premium after India taps Russian oil

Live Mint  

NEW DELHI : Saudi Arabia, the world’s second largest oil producer, has slashed the premium charged on exports to India while many others have discontinued it altogether, a person aware of the matter said, after India began sourcing the bulk of its energy requirements from Russia. Top Asian buyers China and India, the second and third largest importers of crude …

Buy ships to transport energy: Govt to oil cos
1 year, 5 months ago

Buy ships to transport energy: Govt to oil cos

Live Mint  

NEW DELHI : India’s public sector oil and gas companies are looking at purchasing ships to transport oil and gas following a Union government directive aimed to ensure energy security, two people aware of the development said. The move comes at a time of rising crude prices, a price cap on Russian oil, and a bar on the use of …

Mint Explainer: India-Saudi Arabia deals - A bull-run in the making?
1 year, 6 months ago

Mint Explainer: India-Saudi Arabia deals - A bull-run in the making?

Live Mint  

As India fortifies its economic links with the Middle East, particularly through newly inked Memoranda of Understanding with Saudi Arabia, shares of several Indian-listed companies are experiencing a positive nudge. Companies like Essar are already capitalizing on these agreements by expanding their steel operations in Saudi Arabia, particularly in areas requiring technology to reduce carbon emissions. A closer look at …

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