Manual scavenging continues in different forms in Adilabad
2 years, 11 months ago

Manual scavenging continues in different forms in Adilabad

Deccan Chronicle  

ADILABAD: The banned manual scavenging is continuing in the municipalities in the erstwhile Adilabad district despite the governmental claims to stop this practice. The sanitation workers may not clean the wet toilets but they clean the drainages into which shit flows in various ways. “In practice, the sanitation workers of the municipality clean the drainages in which the human excreta flows from the toilets. Adilabad municipal officials are not providing safety gear to the sanitation workers cleaning the drainages. The workers engaged in cleaning drainages and removing carcasses of animals are prone to life risks, compared to other sanitation workers.

Cleaning Workers Sanitation Manual Manual Scavenging Municipal Sanitation Workers Adilabad Safety Gear Municipal Officials Drainages Clean  continues  drainages  clean  scavenging  different  adilabad  municipal  toilets  workers  drainage  cleaning  forms  manual  sanitation

History of this topic

Deaths Due To Manual Scavenging Expose Claims : Supreme Court Seeks Explanation From Delhi, Kolkata & Hyderabad Authorities
1 month ago

Deaths Due To Manual Scavenging Expose Claims : Supreme Court Seeks Explanation From Delhi, Kolkata & Hyderabad Authorities

Live Law  

The Supreme Court recently expressed dissatisfaction over the affidavits filed by authorities in Kolkata, Delhi and Hyderabad for failing to explain how and when manual scavenging and manual sewer cleaning would be stopped in their cities. Particularly, the Court has noted that Delhi Jal Board, Kolkata Municipal Corporation and Hyderabad Metropolitan Water & Sewerage Board have not given any explanation …

92% of workers cleaning urban sewers, septic tanks are from SC, ST, OBC groups
6 months ago

92% of workers cleaning urban sewers, septic tanks are from SC, ST, OBC groups

The Hindu  

In a first-of-its-kind attempt to enumerate people engaged in the hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in India’s cities and towns, government data gathered from over 3,000 urban local bodies in 29 States and Union Territories shows that 91.9% of the 38,000 workers profiled so far belong to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, or other backward class communities. Between 2019 …

453 died while cleaning sewers since 2014, says Centre
7 months, 3 weeks ago

453 died while cleaning sewers since 2014, says Centre

Hindustan Times  

The Union Social Justice and Empowerment ministry on Tuesday said around 453 people have died while cleaning sewers and septic tanks since 2014 despite 732 out of India's 766 districts declaring themselves free from manual scavenging. Union Minister of State, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Ramdas Athawale said states have made significant strives in improving their mechanisation capabilities by …

Ensure Effective Implementation Of Law Against Manual Scavenging: Bombay High Court To State
11 months ago

Ensure Effective Implementation Of Law Against Manual Scavenging: Bombay High Court To State

Live Law  

The Bombay High Court recently called for information from the Municipal Corporations of Greater Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, and Mira-Bhayander on steps taken for effective implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013. The reply affidavit must state whether State Monitoring Committee, Vigilance Committees, State Level Survey Committee, District Level Survey Committee and Sub Divisional …

Manual scavenging witnessed in Coimbatore a day after Union Social Justice Ministry said all Tamil Nadu districts free from the practice
1 year, 8 months ago

Manual scavenging witnessed in Coimbatore a day after Union Social Justice Ministry said all Tamil Nadu districts free from the practice

The Hindu  

A day after the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment said that 530 out of 766 districts in the country have reported themselves as free of manual scavenging, including all the districts in Tamil Nadu, workers were found engaged in manual scavenging in Coimbatore on Thursday. “It was painful to see the man standing inside the clogged manhole and clearing …

530 districts reported as free of manual scavenging: Centre
1 year, 8 months ago

530 districts reported as free of manual scavenging: Centre

The Hindu  

Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Jharkhand are among the States and Union Territories that have the highest number of districts yet to declare themselves as manual scavenging free, according to data submitted by the Social Justice Ministry in Rajya Sabha on Wednesday. The Ministry said that a total of 530 districts across the country had …

Problem of manual scavenging eliminated, claims Union Social Justice Ministry panel
1 year, 8 months ago

Problem of manual scavenging eliminated, claims Union Social Justice Ministry panel

The Hindu  

Despite noting that just 520 districts across the country had declared themselves free of manual scavenging, the Central Monitoring Committee of the Social Justice Ministry concluded in its eighth meeting on July 5, 2023 that all unsanitary latrines had been made sanitary under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan and that the problem of manual scavenging is eliminated. A month ago, the …

Manual Scavenging: Madhya Pradesh High Court Takes Suo Motu Cognizance After Recent Death Of 2 Contract Workers Inside Sewer Hole
1 year, 9 months ago

Manual Scavenging: Madhya Pradesh High Court Takes Suo Motu Cognizance After Recent Death Of 2 Contract Workers Inside Sewer Hole

Live Law  

Observing that it is unfortunate that the persons employed to do the work in a sewer hole lost their lives, the Madhya Pradesh High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the continuing manual scavenging in the state after the recent death of two workers in Gwalior. While issuing notice to the State, the bench of Chief Justice Ravi Malimath …

Only 66% districts in country free of manual scavenging: Social Justice Ministry report
1 year, 9 months ago

Only 66% districts in country free of manual scavenging: Social Justice Ministry report

The Hindu  

Despite stating over the last few years that manual scavenging had been eliminated in the country, and that the only remaining threat was hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks, the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has now said that only 508 districts out of the total 766 districts in the country have declared themselves manual-scavenging free. The …

India’s Anti-Manual Scavenging Drive is Faltering, Needs Immediate Intervention
2 years, 4 months ago

India’s Anti-Manual Scavenging Drive is Faltering, Needs Immediate Intervention

News 18  

Social ostracism and lack of opportunities have forced generations of lower caste families to continue indulging in manual scavenging as their daily job. Not often discussed in mainstream media, however, is that over 95 percent of India’s 1.3 million manual scavengers are women. Most manual scavengers belong to the Dalit community, and it is fairly evident that manual scavenging is …

‘We need both: Gandhi and Ambedkar’, says Bezwada Wilson, who crusades against manual scavenging
2 years, 6 months ago

‘We need both: Gandhi and Ambedkar’, says Bezwada Wilson, who crusades against manual scavenging

The Hindu  

Bezwada Wilson, 56, born in Kolar to manual scavenger parents, has dedicated his life to the cause of eradicating the demeaning practice in India. In this interview, the Ramon Magsaysay awardee talks about caste, patriarchy and manual scavenging, elaborating his relationship to both Gandhi and Ambedkar. Building toilets without supplying sufficient water or proper drainage, converting manual scavenging into ‘sanitation …

Guidelines on manual scavenging violated more than being followed: Allahabad HC
2 years, 6 months ago

Guidelines on manual scavenging violated more than being followed: Allahabad HC

The Hindu  

Coming down heavily on civic authorities in Uttar Pradesh while hearing a suo motu PIL regarding manual scavenging, the Allahabad High Court observed, “The guidelines are being violated more than being followed.” The court had taken suo motu cognisance of a newspaper report published on May 24, which said the city's drains were being cleaned by sanitation workers - deployed …

Centre to Lok Sabha: No deaths reported due to manual scavenging
2 years, 7 months ago

Centre to Lok Sabha: No deaths reported due to manual scavenging

Hindustan Times  

No deaths have been reported due to manual scavenging and there are no reports of people engaged in manual scavenging in the country, the Centre informed Lok Sabha on Tuesday. “There is no report of people currently engaged in manual scavenging as defined under Section 2 of the “Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 ”. …

161 die cleaning sewers in three years: How is this different from manual scavenging?
2 years, 11 months ago

161 die cleaning sewers in three years: How is this different from manual scavenging?

Firstpost  

The government on Wednesday said that there were no deaths recorded due to manual scavenging in India. However, a total of 161 people died while cleaning sewers and septic tanks in the last three years The government on Wednesday said that there were no deaths recorded due to manual scavenging in India. As per the Act, the term manual scavenger …

Manual scavenging is a blot on society
2 years, 11 months ago

Manual scavenging is a blot on society

Hindustan Times  

The appalling spectacle of human beings dying inside sewer lines was repeated on the outskirts of the national Capital after four people died in the Samaypur Badli area on Tuesday evening. The victims – private contractor Suraj Sahni, labourers Bachhu Singh and Pintu Raut, and e-rickshaw driver Satish Kumar, who jumped into the manhole to try and save the others …

No Person Currently Engaged in Manual Scavenging, 158 Died Cleaning Septic Tanks in 3 Yrs: Govt
3 years, 3 months ago

No Person Currently Engaged in Manual Scavenging, 158 Died Cleaning Septic Tanks in 3 Yrs: Govt

News 18  

No person is currently engaged in manual scavenging but 158 persons have died while cleaning sewers or septic tanks in the last three years, the government said on Tuesday. Responding to a question in the Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment Ramdas Athawale said there have been no reports regarding death of persons due to manual …

No manual scavenging deaths, 941 died while cleaning sewers: Govt
3 years, 7 months ago

No manual scavenging deaths, 941 died while cleaning sewers: Govt

Hindustan Times  

New Delhi: No one succumbed to manual scavenging in India but 941 workers died while cleaning sewers and septic tanks in the last three decades, the government told Parliament on Wednesday, triggering condemnation from activists. However, we have reports regarding deaths of workers while being engaged in cleaning of sewers or septic tanks,” he said, listing out 941 deaths since …

Centre Says No Death Reported Due to Manual Scavenging, Activists Decry Govt Response
3 years, 8 months ago

Centre Says No Death Reported Due to Manual Scavenging, Activists Decry Govt Response

News 18  

No death has been reported due to manual scavenging, the Union Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry has told Parliament, drawing sharp reaction from activists who said that those people were being robbed of dignity even in their deaths. However, on how many deaths of manual scavengers have been recorded, he replied, “No such deaths have been reported due to manual …

Law Students' Plea Seeking Implementation Of Manual Scavengers Act: Allahabad High Court Seeks UP Govt's Response
4 years ago

Law Students' Plea Seeking Implementation Of Manual Scavengers Act: Allahabad High Court Seeks UP Govt's Response

Live Law  

The Allahabad High Court on Thursday directed the Uttar Pradesh Government to file its response in a plea moved seeking implementation of the provisions of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 in the State of Uttar Pradesh. Having perused the recommendation made in the plea, the Bench of Chief Justice Govind Mathur and Justice …

Manual Scavenging Most Inhuman; Violates Article 21 : Karnataka High Court Issues Directions To Implement Manual Scavengers Act 2013
4 years, 3 months ago

Manual Scavenging Most Inhuman; Violates Article 21 : Karnataka High Court Issues Directions To Implement Manual Scavengers Act 2013

Live Law  

The Karnataka High Court on Wednesday issued several directions to the state government to ensure proper implementation of the provisions of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013. Accordingly, the bench issued the following directions: *The State Government shall place on record the details about the number of First Information Reports registered for the offences …

Govt. to introduce bill to make law banning manual scavenging more stringent
4 years, 6 months ago

Govt. to introduce bill to make law banning manual scavenging more stringent

The Hindu  

The government plans to make the law banning manual scavenging more stringent by introducing a bill in the Monsoon Session of Parliament, which is scheduled to begin from Monday. The Bill proposes to make the law banning manual scavenging more stringent by increasing the imprisonment term and the fine amount, the officials said. The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers …

India's Manual Scavengers Have Been Forgotten In The Covid 19 Narrative
4 years, 11 months ago

India's Manual Scavengers Have Been Forgotten In The Covid 19 Narrative

Live Law  

In India's fight against COVID 19, analysts and healthcare workers have identified groups who might be vulnerable to the infectious disease. More importantly, the practice of Manual Scavenging has been banned in India by promulgation and enactment of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines Act, 1993 and 2013. While societal pressure is a concern, economic necessity …

Rise of the Machines can end manual scavenging
5 years, 4 months ago

Rise of the Machines can end manual scavenging

Deccan Chronicle  

The death a 25-year-old man in a septic tank on mall premises in Chennai shows that the practice of using human beings to clean sewers and septic tanks in the state continues unabated. In 2017, the Madras high court, while holding that manual scavenging was prima facie a contravention of human rights and the right to live with dignity as …

In India, manual scavenging is a deadly job. Could a Bandicoot and a Sewer Croc help?
5 years, 5 months ago

In India, manual scavenging is a deadly job. Could a Bandicoot and a Sewer Croc help?

ABC  

They work all day in sewers and latrines, wading through filthy sludge up to their waists. "The Indian government defines a manual scavenger as somebody who physically carries human excreta," says Mumbai-based journalist and author Puja Changoiwala. Also known as "Untouchables", Dalits are the lowest social group in the Hindu caste system — the word itself means "oppressed" or "broken". …

P&H HC Issue Mandatory Directions To Eliminate Manual Scavenging & Insanitary Latrines [Read Order]
5 years, 5 months ago

P&H HC Issue Mandatory Directions To Eliminate Manual Scavenging & Insanitary Latrines [Read Order]

Live Law  

Taking suo motu cognizance of news items published in the 'Sunday Tribune' on, September 29, with regards continuing practice of manual scavenging, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana on Thursday issued detailed "mandatory directions" to eliminate the twin evils of insanitary latrines and manual scavenging. The States shall provide Class IV jobs to the legal heirs of persons who …

India's manual scavengers: Ugly truths of unsanitary sanitation work an open secret, law needs better enforcement
5 years, 9 months ago

India's manual scavengers: Ugly truths of unsanitary sanitation work an open secret, law needs better enforcement

Firstpost  

The perils of manual scavenging will stay unaddressed in India till the casteist attitude of washing their feet or trying to fix this problem from an economic perspective alone remain. *** An open secret Even today, the very existence of manual cleaning of sewers, septic tanks and manholes in our country, along with the alarming death rate among these workers, …

India's manual scavengers: Instead of focusing on 'disgusting practice', it's time to discuss worker who dies anonymously cleaning our filth
5 years, 9 months ago

India's manual scavengers: Instead of focusing on 'disgusting practice', it's time to discuss worker who dies anonymously cleaning our filth

Firstpost  

Until 1993, different governments employed manual scavengers to remove human filth from every house. Widely referred to as dry latrines, people defecated in a bucket and this bucket was later removed by municipal servants who were called manual scavengers. Authors often refer to the deaths of manual scavengers as “India’s shame”. Thus he will give a timely notice of the …

Delhi HC Asks Petitioner To Give CDs Of Manual Scavenging To Delhi Govt
5 years, 11 months ago

Delhi HC Asks Petitioner To Give CDs Of Manual Scavenging To Delhi Govt

Live Law  

Moved by a video posted by a legislator on Facebook showing men working as manual scavengers in Delhi despite the government's claimed ban on the practice, an advocate has moved the Delhi High Court seeking a strict ban on manual scavenging which had been declared illegal in the year 1993.Advocate Amit Sahni moved the high court after coming across a …

Plea against manual scavenging in Delhi
5 years, 11 months ago

Plea against manual scavenging in Delhi

Hindustan Times  

The Delhi High Court on Tuesday said it would hear a plea seeking strict compliance of provisions of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 on April 26 after the Delhi government has taken instructions on a video on manual scavenging. A bench of Chief Justice Rajendra Menon and Justice A J Bhambhani passed the …

Feet of clay
6 years ago

Feet of clay

The Hindu  

The theatrics of Prime MinisterNarendra Modi washing the feet of sanitation workers in Prayagraj notwithstanding, the report card of the Bharatiya Janata Party government has been dismal with regard to manual scavengers. “The toiletisation taking place under Modi’s flagship scheme of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is indirectly promoting manual scavenging,” said Taware, adding, “With every single toilet built under the Abhiyan, …

Unfortunate that manual scavenging exists after 70 years of independence, says Arvind Kejriwal
6 years, 4 months ago

Unfortunate that manual scavenging exists after 70 years of independence, says Arvind Kejriwal

Hindustan Times  

Terming the existence of manual scavenging “unfortunate”, Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal resolved on Tuesday that his government would take all possible measures to eliminate the practice. Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal resolved on Tuesday that his government would take all possible measures to eliminate the practice of manual scavenging. “It is unfortunate that even after 70 years of Independence, …

Centre keen to eradicate manual scavenging in time-bound manner, says Thawar Chand Gehlot
6 years, 5 months ago

Centre keen to eradicate manual scavenging in time-bound manner, says Thawar Chand Gehlot

Firstpost  

Gehlot asked states to revisit their survey by using the wider definition of manual scavenging as given in the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, New Delhi: Union Social Justice Minister Thawar Chand Gehlot on Thursday said the Centre was keen on eradicating manual scavenging in a time-bound manner, urging states to implement the relevant law …

Manual scavenging in India doesn't need denial and politicised narrative on solutions, but sanitation policy reforms
6 years, 5 months ago

Manual scavenging in India doesn't need denial and politicised narrative on solutions, but sanitation policy reforms

Firstpost  

Despite a law stressing not only eradication of manual scavenging but also rehabilitation of families dependent on the job, septic tanks have turned into death beds for many young men in India. As per the 2011 Socio-Economic and Case Census, 1,82,505 rural households in India were dependent on manual scavenging for income, and just last month, five young men fell …

Sanitation project a sham
7 years, 7 months ago

Sanitation project a sham

The Hindu  

HOW many deaths will it take before it is accepted that too many people have died? In just 35 days between mid July and mid August, in New Delhi alone, 10 sanitation workers died while they were engaged in the poorly paid and extremely hazardous task of manual scavenging. Manual scavenging is defined as “the removal of human excrement from …

Light over the manhole, at last: Manual scavengers win battle
7 years, 9 months ago

Light over the manhole, at last: Manual scavengers win battle

Deccan Chronicle  

Chennai: Manual scavenging will soon be a thing of the past, at last and for sure. Emerging from the Chennai Corporation headquarters at the Ripon Building on Thursday after signing the necessary forms for releasing them from the ‘filthy bondage’, they were all smiles as now they will get Rs 40,000 as a lump sum grant and Rs 7,000 pension …

Manual scavenging: an indelible blot on urban life
8 years ago

Manual scavenging: an indelible blot on urban life

The Hindu  

As the scorching heat of the first month of summer baked the grubby streets of Cuddalore on March 20, three young men — two below 30 years and one in mid-30s — were called to clear a block in a manhole near Mohini Bridge in Thirupadiripuliyar. Protesters also called for strict implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers …

Enumeration of manual scavengers on
9 years, 1 month ago

Enumeration of manual scavengers on

The Hindu  

: An enumeration of persons involved in manual scavenging was carried out in Vellore Corporation. The work was initially taken up by the State government on behalf of the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to identify persons involved in manual scavenging. The enumeration was aimed at identifying persons involved in removing human excreta from insanitary toilets, open drains, …

Manual scavenging continues in Madurai
9 years, 5 months ago

Manual scavenging continues in Madurai

The Hindu  

The death of two conservancy workers owing to asphyxiation on Wednesday when they were cleaning an underground drainage at HMS Colony here has exposed the lack of safety measures in place for them and ignorance of the ban on manual scavenging. “Manual scavenging is something that is rooted deep in society as many are still engaged in it,” Mr. Rajan …

Manual scavenging still a reality
9 years, 8 months ago

Manual scavenging still a reality

The Hindu  

The practice of manual scavenging, officially banned since decades in India, continues with impunity in several States. Maharashtra, with 63,713, tops the list with the largest number of manual scavenger households, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tripura and Karnataka, as per Census data. Bindeshwar Pathak, founder, Sulabh International Social Service Organisation, told The Hindu that when compared to the …

Plea to implement law against manual scavenging
10 years ago

Plea to implement law against manual scavenging

The Hindu  

The Madras High Court on Monday directed the Central and State governments and other agencies concerned to file an affidavit by four weeks to a writ petition seeking the implementation of all the provisions of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act in Tamil Nadu. The new law banned the employment of persons for manual scavenging, …

Raising a stink
10 years, 11 months ago

Raising a stink

The Hindu  

Sema, who retired from the Supreme Court on June 1, 2008, once observed that the court would not dispose of the Safai Karamchari Andolan’s writ petition seeking justice for manual scavengers until the last manual scavenger in the country was rehabilitated. The court was clearly incorrect in suggesting that use of safety gear by a manual scavenger could render the …

Parliament passes Bill banning manual scavenging
11 years, 6 months ago

Parliament passes Bill banning manual scavenging

Live Mint  

New Delhi: A Bill seeking to prohibit employment of individuals as manual scavengers by prescribing stringent punishment, including imprisonment of up to five years, to those employing such labour was passed by Parliament on Saturday. The Bill, which had got a strong push from Congress president Sonia Gandhi and seeks to wipe out this “social stigma” by arranging for alternative …

Letters
11 years, 9 months ago

Letters

The Hindu  

Indian Premier League Kolkata: Mumbai Indians players jubilate with the trophy after winning the IPL 6 final match against Chennai Super Kings at Eden Garden in Kolkata on Sunday. Deshpande Bangalore Prime Minister THROUGH his article “No, Prime Minister”, Era Sezhiyan has clarified that the highest traditions of parliamentary democracy require the Prime Minister to be a person elected to …

Burying democracy in human waste
12 years, 2 months ago

Burying democracy in human waste

The Hindu  

The >Supreme Court had recently admonished a District Magistrate for filing a >“wrong” affidavit stating that there was no manual scavenging in his district. A scene is of a small girl in a blue frock, and with liquid eyes — what in Tamil we would call “ Neerottam.” She answers the questions about her experience in school. What do you …

India’s great shame
12 years, 4 months ago

India’s great shame

The Hindu  

One of modern India’s great shames is the official failure to eradicate ‘manual scavenging’, the most degrading surviving practice of untouchability in the country. Particularly welcome is the acknowledgment in the preamble of the new bill, that “it is necessary to correct the historical injustice and indignity suffered by the manual scavengers, and to rehabilitate them to a life of …

Scourge of manual scavenging
12 years, 5 months ago

Scourge of manual scavenging

The Hindu  

Saint Valmiki, also known as adi kavi or first poet, exemplified the dos and don’ts of life in the Ramayana, a tale portraying Lord Rama as a model for Hindu virtue. Manual scavenging is another instance of our society behaving ostrich-like in overcoming the caste barrier. This engagement of members of the Valmiki community in manual scavenging and sanitation work …

Let the machines take over
12 years, 6 months ago

Let the machines take over

The Hindu  

Laws count for nothing when some of the worst offenders are government-run bodies, agencies and enterprises. The Central government is trying to push through the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Bill, 2012, under pressure from the Supreme Court; but, going by the experience of the past few decades, there is no cause to assume the dehumanising …

Govt to bring new law to stop manual scavenging
12 years, 11 months ago

Govt to bring new law to stop manual scavenging

Hindustan Times  

Prodded by the Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council, the UPA government is set to bring a new, stricter law in the monsoon session of Parliament to eradicate manual scavenging. The Centre's move comes after the latest census figures shows that in at least 0.3% of India's 247 million households- 7.4 lakh households-manual scavengers are still engaged. HT Image "Apart from …

Manual scavenging and a case for human dignity
19 years, 9 months ago

Manual scavenging and a case for human dignity

The Hindu  

The Supreme Court’s intervention raises the hopes of lakhs of Dalit families seeking enforcement of the Act designed to eradicate manual scavenging and rehabilitation of people doing the work. In appearance, the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines Act, 1993, had everything to put the government’s effort in a favourable light. They urged the Supreme Court to …

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