Alarming hunger or statistical artefact?
3 years, 2 months ago

Alarming hunger or statistical artefact?

The Hindu  

This year’s Global Hunger Index did not go down well with the government. Had the GHI been estimated using the latest data on calorie intake, usually provided by the National Sample Survey Office, things might have looked even worse given that the leaked report of 2019 indicated that consumption expenditure in India declined between 2011-12 and 2017-18 by 4%. Tackling wasting and stunting The GHI highlights India’s dismal record in a domain that it can hardly defend, which is child undernutrition. An exception India’s relatively better performance in the other component of GHI — child mortality — merits a mention. India’s child mortality rate has been lower compared to Sub-Saharan African countries despite it having higher levels of stunting.

India States Child Hunger Mortality State Intake Calorie Ghi Prevalence Calorie Intake Stunting Wasting Child Mortality Calorie Deficiency Child Undernutrition  mortality  ghi  intake  statistical  stunting  alarming  calorie  child  india  prevalence  artefact  wasting  does  hunger

History of this topic

India's love for golu-molu kids is feeding an epidemic
3 weeks, 2 days ago

India's love for golu-molu kids is feeding an epidemic

India Today  

Till a year ago, 12-year-old Dinesh weighed 110 kg. Doctors say that obese children and adults are at a higher risk of developing chronic health conditions, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke and kidney issues. "In Indian culture, being thin has historically been linked to poverty, a classist stereotype that associates a lack of weight …

How India can break the cycle of hunger: Insights from Sudarshan Suchi, CEO of Bal Raksha Bharat
3 months, 2 weeks ago

How India can break the cycle of hunger: Insights from Sudarshan Suchi, CEO of Bal Raksha Bharat

Hindustan Times  

Malnutrition among women and children has been a persistent public health issue at the global, national and local levels and the recent UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Group Joint Malnutrition Estimates show that globally, 149.2 million children under five years were stunted in 2020, and 45.4 million suffered from wasting. Breaking the cycle of hunger: How India’s bold new plan could end malnutrition …

Women and Child Development Ministry: 36% children aged under 5 stunted, 17% underweight
4 months, 4 weeks ago

Women and Child Development Ministry: 36% children aged under 5 stunted, 17% underweight

The Hindu  

About 17% of children in the age group of 0-5 years are underweight, while 36% are stunted and 6% are wasted, the Women and Child Development Ministry said on July 26. Wasted refers to children who are too thin for their height, indicating acute malnutrition often due to a recent and severe weight loss. Underweight children have a low weight …

Economic Survey 2023-24: Rising obesity concern, and preventive measures must be taken for healthier lifestyle
5 months ago

Economic Survey 2023-24: Rising obesity concern, and preventive measures must be taken for healthier lifestyle

New Indian Express  

NEW DELHI: Raising concerns over growing obesity and the increase in consumption of highly processed foods laden with sugars and fat, the Economic Survey said 54 per cent of the total disease burden in India is due to unhealthy diets. Obesity presents a "concerning situation" and preventive measures must be taken to enable citizens to have a healthier lifestyle, it …

Addressing India’s malnutrition landscape
8 months, 1 week ago

Addressing India’s malnutrition landscape

The Hindu  

Malnutrition is a significant contributor to the disease burden in India. A study by the Indian Institute of Public Health Hyderabad examined undernutrition across the nation and evaluated the distribution of nutritional indicators among children under three at the state level, utilising data from the National Family Health Surveys. According to the study, all states and union territories mirrored the …

Report turns spotlight on India’s ‘zero-food children’
9 months, 1 week ago

Report turns spotlight on India’s ‘zero-food children’

The Hindu  

Sunita Gautam, a 26-year-old domestic help, wonders if she will be able to provide her 11-month-old infant boy the nutrition he requires. Ms. Gautam’s baby, called Babu as is customary across the Hindi belt, is likely to be one of millions of ‘zero food’ children aged six months to 23 months in Uttar Pradesh. A study published recently in the …

Most Number of ‘Zero-Food Kids’ Globally: Decoding India’s Malnutrition Crisis
9 months, 2 weeks ago

Most Number of ‘Zero-Food Kids’ Globally: Decoding India’s Malnutrition Crisis

The Quint  

Dr Rajiv Tandon agrees. He says that among India’s many vulnerable populations, a more attentive and focused strategy needs to be introduced to help children in the most backwards of areas where last mile reach of government programmes may not be equitable. He says: The data might be able to show that the parents and primary caregivers of these children …

74.1% of Indians unable to afford a healthy diet: FAO Report
1 year ago

74.1% of Indians unable to afford a healthy diet: FAO Report

The Hindu  

The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations launched the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023: Statistics and Trends, a report on December 12 which said 74.1% of Indians were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021. “If food costs rise at the same time incomes fall, a compounding effect occurs that can result in even …

‘Don’t make a mockery of hunger’ Congress takes aim at Irani over remarks on GHI
1 year, 2 months ago

‘Don’t make a mockery of hunger’ Congress takes aim at Irani over remarks on GHI

Live Mint  

Union Minister Smriti Irani while addressing a gathering at a FICCI event discussing the “Future Role of Women in India,” made a significant statement, emphasizing that certain indices, like the Global Hunger Index, are intentionally skewed and do not accurately represent India's progress. 3000 people from a country of 140 crore get a phone call from Gallup and they are …

Improve nutrition delivery and don't bristle at low rank
1 year, 2 months ago

Improve nutrition delivery and don't bristle at low rank

Live Mint  

The Global Hunger Index is a report published jointly by Concern Worldwide, an aid and humanitarian agency from Ireland, and Welthungerhilfe, an agency based in Germany. Their point is not wholly semantic, for placing India very low in the “hunger" index globally implies widespread starvation and a crisis of food security in the country. The index has four components, with …

India slips in global hunger index, New Delhi slams report
1 year, 2 months ago

India slips in global hunger index, New Delhi slams report

Live Mint  

New Delhi: India said the Global Hunger Index suffers from “serious methodological issues” after the 2023 edition saw the country slip four places to rank 111 out of 125 countries. India reported the world’s highest child wasting rate of 18.7%, indicating acute undernutrition, as per the report released by the Concern Worldwide and Welt Hunger Hilfe, non-government organizations from Ireland …

India slips four places in global hunger index rankings; govt criticises report
1 year, 2 months ago

India slips four places in global hunger index rankings; govt criticises report

Live Mint  

New Delhi: India with a score of 28.7 ranked 111th of 125 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2023, according to a report released on Thursday. The report, by Irish NGO Concern Worldwide and German NGO Welt Hunger Hilfe, highlighted India's child wasting rate at 18.7%, the highest globally, signalling acute undernutrition. The 2023 Global Hunger Index also showed that …

Measuring hunger across States
1 year, 3 months ago

Measuring hunger across States

The Hindu  

Despite being a major food producer with extensive food security schemes and the largest public distribution system in the world, India still grapples with significant levels of food insecurity, hunger, and child malnutrition. The GHI provides a composite measurement and tracks undernourishment and hunger at the national level across three dimensions: calorie undernourishment, child malnutrition, and under-five mortality. The State …

What’s behind the rising rates of childhood obesity in India? | In Focus podcast
1 year, 4 months ago

What’s behind the rising rates of childhood obesity in India? | In Focus podcast

The Hindu  

India is staring at a strange problem: malnutrition among children has not gone away, but at the same time, there is an increasing burden of childhood obesity. The latest National Family Health Survey reported that 33 States and Union Territories in the country registered a spike in the number of overweight children. Changing lifestyles including diets, easy access to unhealthy …

India’s triumphs over poverty marred by an alarming hunger crisis as over 70 per cent of Indians fails to afford healthy food
1 year, 5 months ago

India’s triumphs over poverty marred by an alarming hunger crisis as over 70 per cent of Indians fails to afford healthy food

The Hindu  

Published : Jul 21, 2023 12:38 IST - 3 MINS READ Government think-tank NITI Aayog’s recent report, released on July 17, revealed a remarkable achievement in India’s fight against multidimensional poverty. However, despite these positive strides in economic development, a consortium of esteemed organisations including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, …

Nutrition is a luxury in India, over 100 crore people can't afford healthy food
1 year, 5 months ago

Nutrition is a luxury in India, over 100 crore people can't afford healthy food

India Today  

Indian households are stuck in a vicious cycle of malnutrition and poverty. While 42.1 per cent of the global population cannot afford healthy food, that number is 74.1 per cent for the Indian population, according to a joint report by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. Compared to 9.2 per cent of the global population and only 2.5 per cent …

AAP’s Atishi Marlena follows Rahul Gandhi’s lead, and defames India at Cambridge based on lies: Here is the truth about HDI, Hunger Index and more
1 year, 6 months ago

AAP’s Atishi Marlena follows Rahul Gandhi’s lead, and defames India at Cambridge based on lies: Here is the truth about HDI, Hunger Index and more

Op India  

On Thursday, Aam Aadmi Party Minister Atishi Marlena went on an anti-India tirade during a conference on ‘India at 100; Towards becoming a global leader’, which was held at the University of Cambridge. First, UNDP itself acknowledged that India’s decline is in line with global trends in the face of crises such as the Russia-Ukraine war, the Covid-19 pandemic and …

India sees reduction in stunting; but wasting, obesity are concerns: report
1 year, 6 months ago

India sees reduction in stunting; but wasting, obesity are concerns: report

The Hindu  

Commensurate with global and regional trends, India continues to show a reduction in stunting and recorded 1.6 crore fewer stunted children under five years in 2022 as compared to 2012, according to the Joint Malnutrition Estimates released by UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank. Stunting among children under five years in India dropped from a prevalence rate of 41.6% in …

Growing numbers of people in Asia lack enough to eat as food insecurity rises with higher prices: Food and Agricultural Organization’s report
1 year, 11 months ago

Growing numbers of people in Asia lack enough to eat as food insecurity rises with higher prices: Food and Agricultural Organization’s report

The Hindu  

Growing numbers of people in Asia lack enough to eat as food insecurity rises with higher prices and worsening poverty, according to a report released on January 24 by the Food and Agricultural Organization and other United Nations agencies. Nearly a half-billion people, more than eight in 10 of them in South Asia, were undernourished in 2021 and more than …

India slips to 107th position in Global Hunger Index, government alleges bias
2 years, 1 month ago

India slips to 107th position in Global Hunger Index, government alleges bias

The Hindu  

Published : Nov 03, 2022 10:25 IST The Global Hunger Index report of 2022, published in mid October, shows India’s place to have fallen to 107 from the previous year’s 101, out of 121 countries. “India has made significant progress in the fight against hunger since 2000, but the regression or stagnation that has occurred in child wasting cannot be …

GHI indicators are recognised globally, says project head Laura Reiner
2 years, 1 month ago

GHI indicators are recognised globally, says project head Laura Reiner

The Hindu  

Published : Nov 03, 2022 10:25 IST The Indian government says there is an effort to tarnish India’s image. These, in turn, result from a range of underlying factors, including household food insecurity; inadequate maternal health or childcare practices; or inadequate access to health services, safe water, and sanitation. Where governments have not provided consumption survey data, this aspect is …

Why does South Asia have the highest levels of hunger in the world? | In Focus podcast
2 years, 2 months ago

Why does South Asia have the highest levels of hunger in the world? | In Focus podcast

The Hindu  

This year’s Global Hunger Index, a peer-reviewed annual report that tracks hunger at the “global, regional, and country levels,” has shown South Asia, and India in particular, as a hunger hot spot. India, whose child-wasting rate of 19.3% was the highest of any country, was ranked below countries such as Pakistan, Rwanda, Ethiopia and Sudan. In the Global Hunger Index …

Explained | Understanding the Global Hunger Index
2 years, 2 months ago

Explained | Understanding the Global Hunger Index

The Hindu  

The story so far: For the second time in two years, the Ministry of Women and Child Development on Saturday rejected the Global Hunger Index that ranked India 107 among 121 countries. As per the Ministry for Women and Child Development, the report lowers India’s rank based on the estimates of the Proportion of Undernourished population. On why the GHI …

Global Hunger Index attempt to tarnish India’s image: Centre
2 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index attempt to tarnish India’s image: Centre

The Hindu  

The government has yet again rejected the Global Hunger Index 2022 which ranks India 107 among 121 countries and has called it “an erroneous measure of hunger” and an attempt to “taint” India’s image. It adds that that the fourth indicator, estimate of Proportion of Undernourished, population is based on an opinion poll conducted on a very small sample size …

‘Misinformation is the hallmark of Global Hunger Index 2022’: India slams rating as attempt to taint country’s image
2 years, 2 months ago

‘Misinformation is the hallmark of Global Hunger Index 2022’: India slams rating as attempt to taint country’s image

Firstpost  

The Global Hunger Report 2022 which was released by the Concern Worldwide and Welt Hunger Hilfe, non-government organisations from Ireland and Germany respectively, has ranked India at 107 among 121 countries New Delhi: India on Saturday slammed the recently published Global Hunger Index 2022 calling it an erroneous measure of hunger and stressing that the index suffers from serious methodological …

India ranks 107 on Global Hunger Index 2022, records highest child wasting rate
2 years, 2 months ago

India ranks 107 on Global Hunger Index 2022, records highest child wasting rate

The Hindu  

Published : Oct 15, 2022 15:32 IST India ranked 107 out of 121 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2022 with its child wasting rate at 19.3 per cent, being the highest in the world. “India’s child wasting rate, at 19.3 per cent, is the highest of any country in the world and drives up the region’s average owing to …

Global Hunger Index: India ranks 107 of 121 nations, behind Pakistan, Nepal
2 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index: India ranks 107 of 121 nations, behind Pakistan, Nepal

Deccan Chronicle  

New Delhi: India ranked 107 out of 121 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2022 with its child wasting rate at 19.3 per cent, being the highest in the world. "India's child wasting rate, at 19.3 per cent, is the highest of any country in the world and drives up the region's average owing to India's large population," it said. …

Global Hunger Index 2022: India slips six places, ranked 107 of 121 countries
2 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index 2022: India slips six places, ranked 107 of 121 countries

Hindustan Times  

India slipped six places on Global Hunger Index 2022 to take 107th position out of 121 countries ranked. With a score of 29.1, the publishers of Global Hunger Index – European NGOs Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe– have labelled the level of hunger as “serious.” India remains behind neighbours Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal, according to the Global Hunger Index 2022. Chidambaram’s …

India slips in Global Hunger Index, ranks 107 out of 121 nations
2 years, 2 months ago

India slips in Global Hunger Index, ranks 107 out of 121 nations

Al Jazeera  

Asia’s third-largest economy has registered impressive economic growth in recent decades but it fares poorly on UN human development indices. The GHI, jointly published by the German-based Welthungerhilfe and Dublin-based Concern Worldwide, which ranks countries by “severity”, gave India a score of 29.1 – a hunger level falling under the “serious” category. “South Asia … has the highest child stunting …

India ranks 107th out of 121 countries on Global Hunger Index
2 years, 2 months ago

India ranks 107th out of 121 countries on Global Hunger Index

The Hindu  

October 14, 2022 10:07 pm | Updated December 09, 2022 04:21 pm IST - NEW DELHI: India ranks 107 out of 121 countries on the Global Hunger Index in which it fares worse than all countries in South Asia barring war-torn Afghanistan. This is due to overlapping crises such as conflict, climate change, the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic …

Why ensuring nutrition for its children is emerging as India’s silent emergency
2 years, 2 months ago

Why ensuring nutrition for its children is emerging as India’s silent emergency

Firstpost  

Better nutrition is related to improved infant, child and maternal health, stronger immune systems, safer pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases and longevity With a population of over 1.25 billion, 22 official languages and half a dozen major religions, India has always been a country with a unique blend of paradoxes. Better nutrition is related to the improved …

National Nutrition Week 2022: Nutrition tips for children to maintain their health
2 years, 3 months ago

National Nutrition Week 2022: Nutrition tips for children to maintain their health

Firstpost  

Children are always the focus of the household for obvious reasons, right? Another important aspect while we talk of healthy eating habits in children would be to cut down their junk and processed food intake. In the age of online food ordering apps playing their best marketing tricks and television fuelling the fire with the most attractive Apart from a …

Starved of data: India’s hungry people go missing from FAO report
2 years, 5 months ago

Starved of data: India’s hungry people go missing from FAO report

The Hindu  

Published : Jul 24, 2022 18:00 IST The Food and Agriculture Organisation’s “State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022” report begins with a dismal piece of data: the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet has increased by 112 million to touch 3.2 billion, a reflection of rising food prices during the pandemic. Even though …

Number of undernourished people in India declines to 224.3 million; obesity among adults on the rise: U.N. report
2 years, 5 months ago

Number of undernourished people in India declines to 224.3 million; obesity among adults on the rise: U.N. report

The Hindu  

The number of undernourished people in India has declined in the last 15 years to 224.3 million in 2019-2021, according to a U.N. report, which also said that there are more obese adults and anaemic women in the world’s second most populous country. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022 report, issued on July 6 by …

Number of undernourished people in India declines to 224.3 million; obesity among adults on the rise, finds UN report
2 years, 5 months ago

Number of undernourished people in India declines to 224.3 million; obesity among adults on the rise, finds UN report

Firstpost  

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022 report was issued on Wednesday by UN agencies Food and Agriculture Organisation, International Fund for Agricultural Development, UNICEF, World Food Programme and the World Health Organisation United Nations: The number of undernourished people in India has declined in the last 15 years to 224.3 million in 2019-2021, according to …

Malnutrition in India is a worry in a modern scenario
2 years, 6 months ago

Malnutrition in India is a worry in a modern scenario

The Hindu  

Good nutrition has the power to empower the present and future generations. India’s greatest national treasure is its people — especially women and children — but even after 75 years of independence, a majority of them do not get the required diet to meet their nutritional needs. Poor nutrition among pregnant women affects the nutritional status of the child and …

India slips in Global Hunger Index ranking
3 years, 1 month ago

India slips in Global Hunger Index ranking

The Hindu  

THE Narendra Modi government has rubbished a global report on hunger that describes India’s level of hunger as “serious” and rates the country, at 101, below its South Asian neighbours in the global rankings. A day after the GHI findings were published in the media, a statement from the Women and Child Development Ministry said that it was shocked to …

Comment | A reminder that India still trails in the hunger fight
3 years, 1 month ago

Comment | A reminder that India still trails in the hunger fight

The Hindu  

The Global Hunger Report has once again made headlines in India for the country’s poor ranking in terms of the Global Hunger Index. The indicators The Government of India, through a press release, refuted the GHI, claiming that it is ‘devoid of ground reality’ and based on ‘unscientific’ methodology. PoU, according to the FAO, ‘is an estimate of the proportion …

Data | Where does India stand on the global hunger index?
3 years, 2 months ago

Data | Where does India stand on the global hunger index?

The Hindu  

India was ranked 101 out of 116 countries in the recently released Global Hunger Index. The results of the National Family Health Survey-5 also showed that in the majority of the States for which data were released, stunting and wasting increased compared to the 2015-16 survey round. Click to remove AMP mode Nutrition assessment According to the GHI, the prevalence …

The Future of Nutrition in India
3 years, 2 months ago

The Future of Nutrition in India

Hindustan Times  

Nutrition is a critical, if not an essential part of the health and development of society and the country. The Anganwadi Services Scheme provides universal coverage to all children upto 6 years of age; pregnant women and lactating mothers and out of school adolescent girls for key services including provision of supplementary nutrition. POSHAN tracker is a digital tool used …

Aakar Patel | As India's rank falls in Global Hunger Index, govt is in denial
3 years, 2 months ago

Aakar Patel | As India's rank falls in Global Hunger Index, govt is in denial

Deccan Chronicle  

In 2015, India’s ranking on the Global Hunger Index was 55. The representativeness of even this opinion poll is doubtful for India and other countries.” The government appears to be saying that it is doing its job by providing free grain to 60 per cent of the population, or over 800 million people. The United States Commission for International Religious …

Global Hunger Index | Only 3.9% children malnourished, says government
3 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index | Only 3.9% children malnourished, says government

The Hindu  

The value of a key indicator used in the Global Hunger Index is ‘inflated’ as there are only 3.9% anganwadi children found to be undernourished, the Government said on Sunday. “The real time data of beneficiaries registered on the Anganwadi platform include 7.79 crore children aged between 6 months to 6 years as per real-time Poshan Tracker data. Corresponding number …

Global Hunger Index not based on an opinion poll, says German non-profit Welthungerhilfe
3 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index not based on an opinion poll, says German non-profit Welthungerhilfe

The Hindu  

German non-profit Welthungerhilfe that co-published the Global Hunger Index this year rubbished the Government's allegation on Saturday that its ranking of India as among the 16 worst countries was based on an opinion poll. Following the launch of the GHI on Thursday which ranked India 101 of 116 countries, the Government expressed its shock and questioned the ‘unscientific’ methodology used …

Global Hunger Index | India slams ‘methodology’ after country’s position tanks
3 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index | India slams ‘methodology’ after country’s position tanks

The Hindu  

The Government on Friday challenged India’s poor ranking in the the Global Hunger Index 2021 and the methodology used calling it “devoid of ground reality and facts”. India ranked 94 among 107 countries in the Global Hunger Index released last year. Four-question opinion poll “The publishing agencies of the Global Hunger Report, Concern Worldwide and Welt Hunger Hilfe have not …

India Slips to 101st Rank in Global Hunger Index 2021; Behind Pak, B'desh and Nepal
3 years, 2 months ago

India Slips to 101st Rank in Global Hunger Index 2021; Behind Pak, B'desh and Nepal

News 18  

India has slipped to 101st position in the Global Hunger Index 2021 of 116 countries, from its 2020 position of 94th and is behind its neighbours Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Eighteen countries, including China, Brazil and Kuwait, shared the top rank with GHI score of less than five, the website of the Global Hunger Index that tracks hunger and malnutrition …

Global Hunger Index 2021: India slips to 101st rank; behind Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh
3 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index 2021: India slips to 101st rank; behind Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh

Firstpost  

The report, prepared jointly by Irish aid agency Concern Worldwide and German organisation Welt Hunger Hilfe, termed the level of hunger in India “alarming” New Delhi: India has slipped to 101st position in the Global Hunger Index 2021 of 116 countries, from its 2020 position of 94th and is behind its neighbours Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Eighteen countries, including China, …

Global Hunger Index ranks India at 101 out of 116 countries
3 years, 2 months ago

Global Hunger Index ranks India at 101 out of 116 countries

The Hindu  

October 14, 2021 03:32 pm | Updated October 15, 2021 10:37 am IST - NEW DELHI: The Global Hunger Index launched on Thursday ranked India at 101 position out of a total 116 countries. India ranked 94 among 107 countries in the Global Hunger Index released last year. Current projections based on the Global Hunger Index show that the world …

India's rank in Global Hunger Index falls from 94th in 2020 to 101st in 2021, Pakistan and Bangladesh fare better
3 years, 2 months ago

India's rank in Global Hunger Index falls from 94th in 2020 to 101st in 2021, Pakistan and Bangladesh fare better

India Today  

The Global Hunger Index 2021 has ranked India 101st out of 116 countries. The 2021 report, prepared by Irish aid agency Concern Worldwide and German organisation Welt Hunger Hilfe, said the level of hunger in India is 'alarming'. INDIA'S GHI SCORE India's Global Hunger Index score has fallen from 38.8 in 2000 to somewhere in the range of 27.5 to …

Use the latest research to combat child under-nutrition
3 years, 2 months ago

Use the latest research to combat child under-nutrition

Live Mint  

Today’s children are tomorrow’s assets for any nation and hence their optimal development ought to be a focal concern in framing welfare policies. Here, we discuss the evolution of children’s malnutrition research and how India’s battle against child malnutrition warrants urgent policy action in the wake of covid. The next group of factors are referred to as ‘underlying causes’, which …

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