Silencing speech online
The HinduSpeaking truth to power is precarious. The most striking feature of the Rules is that they regulate both the digital media and ‘publishers of online curated content’, in addition to intermediaries. The Rules also suffer from problems of prior restraint and chilling effect—doctrines that render free speech regulations manifestly unconstitutional. For example, under clause II of the Appendix of the Rules, a publisher of an online curated content is required to consider “India’s multi-racial and multi-religious context and exercise due caution and discretion when featuring the activities, beliefs, practices, or views of any racial or religious group”. In 1984, after noting various techniques used by governments to influence or suppress the press, the Supreme Court maintained: “It is with a view to checking such malpractices which interfere with free flow of information, democratic constitutions all over the world have made provisions guaranteeing the freedom of speech and expression laying down the limits of interference with it.