If you watched Christopher Nolan’s 2014 movie Interstellar, you would be familiar with the word black hole, even if you do not fully understand what it means. In December 2021, the US-based National Aeronautics Space Agency launched the imaging X-ray polarimetry explorer mission to explore the remnants of supernova explosions, the particle streams emitted by black holes and other cosmic …
The Raychaudhuri Equation continues to be a key tool in investigating the behaviour of black hole horizons in modern physics. Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. Penrose, in collaboration with cosmologist Stephen Hawking, used the Raychauduri equation published in the journal Physical Review in 1955, for a …
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